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Nutrition > Feed Manufacturing and Processing > Flashcards

Feed Manufacturing and Processing Flashcards

1
Q

what is feed manufacturing?

A

the process of converting raw materials into balanced diets

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2
Q

where is feed usually produced?

A

in feed mills

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3
Q

what are the 2 types of feed made through the manufacturing process?

A

pelleted: prevent sorting by the animal

meal-type: powdery, finely ground

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4
Q

is manufactured feed general or specialty?

A

most manufactured feeds are specialty feeds

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5
Q

give 6 animals/categories that maunfactured feed is made for

A
  1. horses
  2. rabbits
  3. llamas
  4. pet foods
  5. calf milk replacers
  6. calf grower rations
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6
Q

how are modern feed mills controlled?

A

by computers

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7
Q

what is AAFCO?

A

Association of American Feed Control Officials

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8
Q

what does AAFCO do? (2)

A
  1. sets standards for quality and safety of animal feed and pet food
  2. establishes ingredient definitions
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9
Q

is AAFCO a regulatory organization?

A

no, they set standards that are then up to individual governments to put in place, but do not make laws

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10
Q

what is AAFCO continually doing? (evolving)

A

continually reviewing safety standards and updating recommendations

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11
Q

what is puffery? where is it most often observed?

A

extra info on a feed label to get consumer to purchase product; companion animal products

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12
Q

what 9 pieces of information are required by U.S. law to be on a feed label?

A
  1. net weight
  2. product and brand name
  3. guaranteed analysis
  4. common name of ingredients
  5. manufacturer name and mailing address
  6. directions for use
  7. precautionary statements for safe and effective use
  8. nutritional adequacy statement for pet foods
  9. species the food is for
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13
Q

what is guaranteed analysis on a feed label?

A

nutrient composition of feed

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14
Q

what 2 things MUST be included in the guaranteed analysis on a feed label?

A
  1. minimum percentage of crude protein and ether extract/crude fat
  2. maximum percentage of moisture and crude fiber
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15
Q

how are the percentages in a guaranteed analysis of a feed label listed?

A

on an “as fed” basis, not a dry matter basis

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16
Q

when percentage of moisture is not listen on the guaranteed analysis, how is the guaranteed analysis listed?

A

on an “air dry” basis, where the food equalizes to 10% moisture and 90% dry matter

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17
Q

how are the common names of ingredients listed on a feed label? (2)

A
  1. from highest amount to lowest amount in the feed

2. to allow the purchaser to understand what is in the feed (maize listed as corn)

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18
Q

why is the name and address of the manufacturer listed on a feed label?

A

in case of a problem, can contact

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19
Q

describe the nutritional adequacy statement on feed labels for pet foods

A

tells what kind of animal the food meets the requirements for (like puppy or geriatric)

20
Q

what are the 2 limitations of information on a feed label?

A
  1. no information regarding protein quality

2. digestible or metabolizable energy value is usually not known

21
Q

why does a feed label not contain information regarding protein quality? (2)

A
  1. does not have to give information about specific amino acids
  2. guaranteed analysis gives estimates, but does not say anything about quality
22
Q

what is the general trend about information provided the more expensive a feed is?

A

the more expensive, the more information provided usually

23
Q

who regulates the use of drugs in feeds?

A

the FDA

24
Q

what is the degree of regulation of drugs in feeds by the FDA based on?

A

based on potential risk to humans from drug residue, especially in production animals

25
Q

how many risk categories are there for feeds containing drugs by the FDA?

A

three`

26
Q

what is a lot of feed manufactured and why?

A

on farms as opposed to commercial feed mills because it is cheaper

27
Q

what 2 pieces of equipment are needed to mix your own feed?

A
  1. grinder

2. mixer (expensive upfront)

28
Q

what is the efficiency of mixing influenced by?

A

the order or addition of ingredients

29
Q

give the process of mixing feed (3)

A
  1. add major ingredients first, like grains, meals, and seeds
  2. add any liquid ingredients slowly as mixing for a uniform product (like water or molasses)
  3. add minor (less than 2.5% of feed mix) ingredients like vitamins and minerals, typically as a premix
30
Q

what is premix?

A

mixing ingredients that make up small percentage of a diet together before adding to total diet, allowing for more accuracy

31
Q

what is pelleting?

A

the process of forcing mixed feed through e pellet die

32
Q

what are the 4 advantages of pelleting?

A
  1. increases bulk density
  2. increases feed intake
  3. prevents sorting!!
  4. reduces dust
33
Q

what is bulk density?

A

how much is in a set volume

34
Q

what is sorting?

A

animals consume more of one ingredient than another, preference

35
Q

who is feed dust an issue for?

A

both animals and producers/handlers, causes respiratory issues

36
Q

what is the concern of pelleting?

A

pellet quality

37
Q

what is done to feed prior to pelleting? why?

A

feed is preconditioned with steam to bring out functional properties

38
Q

what are functional properties?

A

natural adhesiveness of a feedstuff

39
Q

will every feedstuff work with pelleting?

A

no

40
Q

what is an indication of a high quality pellet?

A

does not crumble easily

41
Q

what type of feedstuff has great funcitonal properties?

A

wheat gluten

42
Q

what 4 feedstuffs do not have good functional properties?

A
  1. corn
  2. sorghum
  3. rice
  4. oats
43
Q

can you use a feedstuff with poor functional properties to make a pellet? what do you have to do if so?

A

you can, you just have to combine witha feedstuff with good functional properties or use binders that add no nutritional value

44
Q

are whole grains and seeds often fed?

A

nope

45
Q

give 7 other feed processing methods besides pelleting

A
  1. grinding in hammermill
  2. dry or steam rolling
  3. flaking
  4. popping
  5. micronized grains
  6. tempering, or soaking
  7. extrusion, like cat food, pellet-like
46
Q

what is the purpose of feed processing?

A

to get through the outer, less digestible layer to make nutrients more available

Nutrition (19 decks)

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