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Nutrition > Feed Intake > Flashcards

Feed Intake Flashcards

1
Q

what is feed efficiency?

A

the ability of an animal to convert feed to product

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2
Q

how do you calculate feed efficiency?

A

product output/feed input; the closer the answer is to one, the more efficient

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3
Q

what is feed conversion ratio?

A

the efficiency at which livestock convert feed to product; not a calculated number but a RATIO

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4
Q

what are the 2 numbers in the feed conversion ratio?

A

amount of product: amount of feed

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5
Q

relate feed efficiency to feed conversion ratio

A

they are 2 different numbers that tell the same thing, expressed different ways but use the same data

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6
Q

what is the common method of predicting feed intake?

A

feed trials to measure feed intake

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7
Q

describe feeding trials to estimate feed intake

A
  1. compare control diet to experimental
  2. feed animals a known amount of food and measure how much they consume = feed intake!!
  3. can also take measurements to determine the effects of the feed on the animal
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8
Q

give the 4 feed properties that may affect feed intake

A
  1. palatability (BIGGEST FACTOR)
  2. energy
  3. protein/amino acid concentration
  4. forage composition
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9
Q

give 6 factors not relating to feed that may affect feed intake

A
  1. temperature
  2. pregnancy
  3. conditioning
  4. body size
  5. smell
  6. fatigue
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10
Q

what MUST be present in order for it to be possible for maximum feed intake to occur?

A

free-choice water!!

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11
Q

what do you check first if an animal stops eating? why?

A

the water; it is the most important factor affecting feed intake

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12
Q

define free-choice as it relates to feed and water, and compare it to ad libitum

A

free-choice feed or water is constantly available and animal is allowed to “balance” its diet, while ad libitum is when the entire diet is available at all times to the animal

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13
Q

what 3 things is palatability a combination of?

A
  1. taste
  2. olfaction (smell OF feed)
  3. texture
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14
Q

what kind of tests can be performed in relation to palatability? describe

A

feed preference tests: where you give an animal a known amount of two different feeds and the one that the animal consumes the most of is considered more palatable

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15
Q

besides carnivores, what taste do most animals prefer?

A

sweet

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16
Q

why does palatability exist?

A

it’s a safety mechanism

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17
Q

describe generalist feeders

A

find a wide variety of different feedstuffs palatable

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18
Q

describe specialist feeders

A

will only find a narrow range of foods palatable; super hard to keep alive

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19
Q

give 2 examples of specialist feeders

A

pandas and koalas (Bamboo and eucalyptus)

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20
Q

if feed is sufficiently palatable, what will determine the feed intake of an animal?

A

ENERGY CONCENTRATION; ANIMALS ALWAYS EAT TO MEET THEIR ENERGY REQUIREMENTS

21
Q

what are the 2 mechanisms to signal an animal to stop eating?

A
  1. distension feedback

2. chemostatic feedback

22
Q

describe distension feedback

A

stretch receptors on the stomach or rumen wall will send signals to appetite centers in the brain to signal animal to stop eating

23
Q

what kind of diet can distension feedback cause issues with and why?

A

can cause problems with high fiber diets because fiber takes up lots of space but doesn;t provide a lot of energy, so the animal may stop eating before satisfying their energy requirement

24
Q

describe chemostatic feedback

A

high concentrations of blood metabolites will signal the appetite centers in the brain to signal the animal to stop eating

25
Q

what are the 2 blood metabolites (one is most animals and one in ruminants) that signal chemostatic feedback?

A

glucose in most animals, volatile fatty acids in ruminants

26
Q

what 2 factors affect rumen fill/distension feedback?

A
  1. NDF

2. water content

27
Q

describe how NDF affects rumen fill/distention feedback

A

the higher the NDF, the more fiber a forage has, which takes up more space in the rumen and results in distension feedback

28
Q

describe how water content affects rumen fill/distension feedback

A

if a forage has high water concentration, or low dry matter, it will take up more space in the rumen and cause distension feedback

29
Q

why is there not a lot of extra space in the rumen for forage storage and consumption?

A
  1. gas buildup from microbial fermentation

2. feed remains in rumen for up to 48 hours before microbial fermentation is finished and it can move on

30
Q

in terms of protein and amino acid concentration, what can feed intake of monogastrics be affected by? describe what they do

A

essential amino acids; monogastrics seek out foods containing those essential amino acids

31
Q

in terms of protein and amino acid concentration, what can feed intake of ruminants be affected by? describe what they do (2)

A
  1. bypass protein: ruminants will increase feed intake when they are fed higher concentrations of bypass protein
  2. nitrogen: ruminants will seek out feedstuffs that are higher in nitrogen (and subsequently higher in protein and AA’s)
32
Q

what is bypass protein?

A

protein that is not digested by microbes

33
Q

how does evnrionmental temperature affect feed intake? describe the trend

A

feed intake increases as environmental temperature decreases

34
Q

give the 2 reasons that explain why feed intake increases as environment temp decreases

A
  1. comfort zone of animal

2. heat increment of feedstuff

35
Q

describe what how the comfort zone of the animal is

A

the comfort zone is the temperature where metabolic rate is at a minimum, and no extra work must be done to maintain body temp

36
Q

what happens when temepratures are below the comfort zone of the animal?

A

feed intake increases

37
Q

what happens when temperatures are above the comfort zone? (2)

A
  1. feed intake decreases

2. may now have to worry about heat increment of feed

38
Q

what is the heat increment of feed?

A

the extra heat produced due to metabolism of nutrients

39
Q

what nutrient has the highest heat increment and why?

A

protein, requires extra steps in metabolism to break down

40
Q

how does feed intake trend during late gestation and why?

A

feed intake decreases because baby is taking up so much room that stomach can’t expand too much

41
Q

how does feed intake trend during peak lactation and why?

A

increases due to the higher energy requirement associated with milk production

42
Q

what is neophobia and how does it relate to feed intake?

A

fear of new foods; an animal may not recognize a new food as food and might not eat it

43
Q

what is aversive conditioning?

A

training animals not to consume certain foods

44
Q

when is aversive conditioning useful?

A

if there are harmful weeds on a pasture, can dose with LiCl (which is unpalatable) and the animals will learn to stay away

45
Q

how does metabolic rate affect feed intake?

A

the higher the metabolic rate, the higher the feed intake per unit of body weight; as body weight increases, feed intake per unit of body weight decreases

46
Q

how do you calculate metabolic rate and what does it allow for?

A

(body weight)^0.75; allows for comparisons of feed intake across species

47
Q

how does the smell AROUND a feed affect feed intake?

A

animals may reject a feed without even tasting it

48
Q

give an example of how smell AROUND a feed affects feed intake

A

cattle have compounds in their feces that prevent them from grazing around feces for approx 30 days; helps to avoid parasites

49
Q

describe how fatigue affects feed intake

A

animals may become fatigued in seeking, ingesting, chewing, and ruminating feed, so may stop eating once tired

Nutrition (19 decks)

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