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Nutrition > Ruminant Metabolism > Flashcards

Ruminant Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

where does carbohydrate digestion primarily occur in ruminants? how?

A

in the rumen; microbes digest carbs into VFAs

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2
Q

list the 3 volatile fatty acids and how many carbons each has

A
  1. acetate: 2 carbones
  2. proprionate: 3 carbons
  3. butyrate: 4 carbons
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3
Q

how are VFAs absorbed in ruminats?

A

through the rumen wall; don;t have to travel through the rest of the tract

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4
Q

once absorbed through rumen wall, where do VFAs go?

A

enter hepatic portal system and go to liver

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5
Q

what happens once VFAs get to the liver?

A

liver converts VFAs to other products for energy

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6
Q

what is acetate converted to in the liver and what is it used for (3)

A

acetate converted to acetyl CoA for

  1. fatty acid synthesis
  2. citric acid cycle
  3. cholesterol synthesis
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7
Q

what is proprionate converted to in the liver and what is it used for? (2)

A

proprionate converted to succinyl CoA for

  1. citric acid cycle
  2. also is a precursor for glucose in ruminants to maintain blood glucose and provide energy
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8
Q

what is butryate converted to in the liver and what is it used for?

A

butryate is converted to B-hydroxybutyrate, a ketone body that is used for energy in extrahepatic tissues

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9
Q

describe energy content of roughages

A

low in energy

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10
Q

what animals are roughages used by? (2)

A

ruminants and non-ruminant herbivores

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11
Q

give 5 generalexamples of roughages

A
  1. pasture
  2. hay
  3. silage
  4. crop residues
  5. by-products
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12
Q

what do roughages contain to provide protein? (3)

A
  1. amino acids
  2. nitrates
  3. ammonia
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13
Q

describe vitamin content of roughages

A

B vitamin content is generally high in roughages

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14
Q

what does the mineral composition of roughages depend on? (2)

A
  1. plant species

2. soil mineral content

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15
Q

decribe calcium and magnesium content in legumes

A

high

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16
Q

describe phosphorous content in legumes and grasses

A

low

17
Q

describe potassium content in forages

A

generally high

18
Q

what kind of climate do cool-season grasses prefer?

A

cool climate (duh)

19
Q

give 4 examples of cool season grasses

A
  1. timothy
  2. orchardgrass
  3. tall fescue
  4. ryegrass
20
Q

what is a deleterious factor of fescue and ryegrass?

A

they are prone to ergot

21
Q

what is ergot? what does it cause (3)

A

a fungus of fescue and rygrass that causes

  1. loss of tips of extremities
  2. abortion and agalactia
  3. fat necrosis: hard, large clumps of fat around organs
22
Q

how do you identify ergot infection of ryegrass and fescue?

A

brown curls on grass

23
Q

what climate do warm-season grasses prefer?

A

temperatures consistently above 75 degrees

24
Q

give 2 examples of warm season grasses

A
  1. bermudagrass

2. bahiagrass- prefers even warmer temps

25
Q

why are legumes seen as superior forages compared to grasses? (3)

A

due to their high protein content (nodules) and energy content (leafy) and high in calcium and magnesium

26
Q

why do legumes have such high protein content?

A

rhizobia bacteria forms nodules that fix nitrogen from the air which is then incorporated into nitrate into the plan and increase crude protein content

27
Q

give 5 examples of legumes

A
  1. alfalfa
  2. red clover
  3. white clover
  4. alsike clover
  5. sweet clover
28
Q

what is the most common legume in animal nutrition?

A

alfalfa

29
Q

what does grazing allow?

A

allows the animal to harvest the forage themself, bring animals to food source

30
Q

what are the 2 types of grazing systems?

A
  1. extensive: not labor intensive, leave the animals be, leads to animal loss
  2. intensive: manage and maintain and check animals, have to move animals because pasture utilization is high so more labor involved
31
Q

list and describe the 3 types of intensive grazing systems

A
  1. continuous grazing: continously stock pasture with animals, low labor but no time for pasture to regrow
  2. rotational grazing: animals move to different pasture every few days, more labor but allows pastures to rest some
  3. strip grazing: move animals to new strip of pasture every day, usually by moving fences. most labor intensive
32
Q

describe haymaking

A

dehydrating green forage to a moisture content of 15% or less

33
Q

what is the issue with hay?

A

it is hard to get a decent yield with both volume and nutrition

34
Q

what will younger hay yield

A

higher TDN, but lower total volume yield

35
Q

what will older hay yield?

A

higher fiber, lower TDN, higher total volume yield

36
Q

what do most people try to do when making hay?

A

maximize TDN with yield by harvesting in the early bloom/early flower stage

37
Q

how is silage created?

A

anaerobic fermentation of carbohydrates

38
Q

with is the dry matter content of silage, what does this mean?

A

only 25-35% DM, very high water content, wet product

Nutrition (19 decks)

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