Minerals Flashcards
what are minerals?
inorganic elements required as nutrients
what are the 2 kinds of minerals?
micro: trace minerals, only required in small amounts in the diet
macro: required in larger amounts in the diet
why do you have to be careful with minerals and diets?
the mineral composition of a diet (plant based) will vary greatly depending on the mineral composition of the soil the feedstuff was grown in
with minerals, which is more common: deficiency or toxicity?
deficiency
is calcium a macro or a micro mineral?
macro mineral
what are the 3 functions of calcium?
- second messenger
2, enzyme activation - bone mineralization
describe calcium’s function as a second messenger
the first message in intracellular signalling is something binding to a receptor, then calcium causes a second message resulting in an action (ex. muscle contraction)
describe calcium’s function in enzyme activation
calcium activates many factors in the clotting cascade
describe calcium’s function in bone mineralization
calcium is a major part of the mineral form of bone
what are the 2 signs of a calcium deficiency? what calcium function is this related to?
impaired nerve and muscle function; related to calcium’s role as a second messenger
is milk fever caused by a calcium deficiency?
no!! it is caused by impaired calcium mobilization, not deficiency
in what form is phosphorous found in the body?
phosphate
is phosphate a micro or macro mineral?
macro mineral
give 8 of the functions of phosphate (there’s a fuck ton)
- bone mineralization
- oxidative phosphorylation
- acid-base buffer
- DNA and RNA (phosphpdiester bonds)
- phospholipids
- signaling molecules
- reversible modification of proteins
- enzymatic reactions
in what ares are phosphorous deficiencies common?
in areas where the soil is also low in phosphorous
what is the disease caused by phosphorous deficiency called? describe
pica; animals seek out non-nutritious feeds trying to obtain minerals (like wood or bone)
describe the concept of a Ca:P ratio
each species has its own, usually about 2:1; if a feed has calcium but not phosphorous, phosphorous will be excreted and vice versa
what causes rickets?
a deficiency of Ca, P or vitamin D, or a combo of defiencies of these
what is the symptom of rickets?
spongy, poorly mineralized bone, will see bow-leggedness
what is rickets called in adults?
osteomalacia
is magnesium a macro or micro nutrient?
macro
what are the 5 functions of magnesium
- anion charge neutralization
- cellular energy metabolism: cofactor
- nucleic acid and protein synthesis: cofactor for transcription and translation
- second messenger
- ion channels
describe magnesium’s function in anion charge neutralization
ADP and ATP are charged, magnesium neutralizes
describe magnesium’s function in ion channels
the sodium/potassium ATPase pump requires magnesium
what are the symptoms of a magnesium deficiency?
- grass tetany
- convulsions
- muscle twitching
when is grass tetany a high risk and why?
for animals on low-magnesium pastures in the spring while grass is growing; this is because the growing grass is high in ammonia which binds the magnesium and makes it unavailable, causes Mg deficiency
whata re the 3 electrolyte minerals?
- sodium
- potassium
- chloride
are electrolytes micro or macro nutrients?
macro
describe the lumping of electrolytes and who is responsible for the most function
are lumped because they are very similar, but sodium is responsible for most of the known functions
whata re the 3 functions of electrolytes?
- nutrient transport (sodium dependent amino acid transporters and the sodium/potassium pump allows transport of most water-soluble vitamins)
- membrane potentials (all 3 do this)
- maintain extracellular fluid volume (also mainly sodium, when sodium is high things leave cells and enter blood stream so blood pressure is also high)
whata re the 3 symptoms of electrolyte deficiency?
- irregular heart beat (due to membrane potential change)
- vomiting
- diarrhea
describe ease of developing electrolyte deficiency
very easy to do, especially if losing a lot of fluid
is iodine a macro or micro nutrient?
micro, don’t need to supply in large amounts
what is the function of iodine?
thyroid hormone synthesis, which is then responsible for regulation of all metabolism
what is the symptom caused by iodine deficiency? describe
goiter, or enlargement of thyroid as partial thyroid hormone builds up, since not fully synthesized due to lack of iodine cannot be secreted
what is the inactive form of thyroid hormone?
T4, has 4 iodines
what is the active form of thyroid hormone?
T3, has three iodines
what is needed besides iodine for thyroid hormone synthesis?
tyrosine
is selenium a macro or micro nutrient?
micro
what is the function of selenium?
synthesis of selenoproteins
what are 4 selenoproteins?
- glutathione peroxidases
- deioinases
- selenoprotein P
- selenoprotein W
what is the function of glutathione peroxidases, synthesized from selenium?
antioxidants that remove hydrogen peroxide from the body to avoid damage
what is the function of deiodinases, synthesized by selenium?
remove an iodine from T4 to make the active T3 thyroid hormone
where is selenoprotein P found?
in plasma
where is selenoprotein M found?
in muscle
is there a broad range of acceptable selenium levels? what does this mean?
very narrow range, so there are lots of issues with both toxicity and deficiencies
what are the symptoms of selenium toxicity? (3)
- blind staggers
- abnormal hoof growth
- abnormal hair growth
what are the symptoms of selenium deficiency? (2)
- white muscle disease
2. liver necrosis
what else does iron need for storage and transport in the body? why?
must be bound to proteins to avoid binding to oxygen, which would be bad bc can’t use then
how is iron stored?
bound to ferritin in the liver
how is iron transported?
bound to transferrin
what are the 2 functions of iron?
- heme protein synthesis
2. proteins with iron-sulfur centers
what are 3 heme proteins from iron? give functions
- hemoglobin: oxygen storage in blood
- myoglobin: oxygen storage in muscle
- catalase: antioxidant
what is a non-heme protein, or a protein with a iron-sulfur center from iron?
aconitase
what is the symptom of iron deficiency?
anemia as a result of decreasedoxygen in the blood
give the 3 metal minerals
- zinc
- copper
- manganese
what are the 3 functions of zinc?
- formation of zinc metalloenzymes
- zinc-finger proteins
- lymphocytes somehow
what are the 2 zinc metalloenzymes?
- aminopeptidase (for protein digestion)
2. fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
what are zinc finger proteins?
folding pattern of proteins around zinc, serve as transcription factors
what are the 2 symptoms of a zinc deficiency?
- decreased growth
2. dermatitis
what are the 4 functions of copper?
- copper metalloenzymes
- neutrophils and T lymphocytes
- iron metabolism
- bone and vascular function
give the copper metalloenzyme and function
cytochrome C oxidase for electron transport
describe how copper is necessary for iron metabolism
ceruloplasmin allows for iron to bind to transferrin
how is copper necessary for bone and vascular function?
collagen synthesis: requires copper for bone
elastin requires copper for vascular function, especially in the aorta
what are the 7 symptoms of a copper deficiency?
- anemia
- hair depigmentation
- reduced growth
- aortic rupture
- abnormal bone formation
- ataxia
- GI disturbance
what are the 2 functions of manganese
- manganese metalloenzymes
2. cartilage formation
what are the 2 manganese metalloenzymes?
- pyruvate carboxylase
2. phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
what are the symptoms of a manganese deficiency? (2)
- defective bone formation
2. perosis in poultry (slipped tendon)
what are zinc, copper, and manganese all necessary for?
superoxide dismutase synthesis
what do superoxide dismutases do?
catalyze reaction of free radical oxygen to hydrogen peroxide
once superoxide dismutases convert free radical oxygen to hydrogen peroxide, what happens to removed the H2O2?
glutathione peroxidase (from selenium) and catalase (from iron) then catalyze reactions to convert H2O2 to water and oxygen
when is sulfur requried for ruminants?
when there is not adequate adenine and cystine in diet
what is the function of sulfur when it is required?
microbial synthesis of sulfur-amino acids in the rumen
if sulfur is low in ruminants, what else will be low because of its function?
protein will also be low
what are the 2 symptoms of a sulfur deficiency?
- reduced weight gain
2. poor wool growth
