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Nutrition > Minerals > Flashcards

Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

what are minerals?

A

inorganic elements required as nutrients

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2
Q

what are the 2 kinds of minerals?

A

micro: trace minerals, only required in small amounts in the diet
macro: required in larger amounts in the diet

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3
Q

why do you have to be careful with minerals and diets?

A

the mineral composition of a diet (plant based) will vary greatly depending on the mineral composition of the soil the feedstuff was grown in

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4
Q

with minerals, which is more common: deficiency or toxicity?

A

deficiency

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5
Q

is calcium a macro or a micro mineral?

A

macro mineral

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6
Q

what are the 3 functions of calcium?

A
  1. second messenger
    2, enzyme activation
  2. bone mineralization
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7
Q

describe calcium’s function as a second messenger

A

the first message in intracellular signalling is something binding to a receptor, then calcium causes a second message resulting in an action (ex. muscle contraction)

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8
Q

describe calcium’s function in enzyme activation

A

calcium activates many factors in the clotting cascade

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9
Q

describe calcium’s function in bone mineralization

A

calcium is a major part of the mineral form of bone

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10
Q

what are the 2 signs of a calcium deficiency? what calcium function is this related to?

A

impaired nerve and muscle function; related to calcium’s role as a second messenger

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11
Q

is milk fever caused by a calcium deficiency?

A

no!! it is caused by impaired calcium mobilization, not deficiency

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12
Q

in what form is phosphorous found in the body?

A

phosphate

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13
Q

is phosphate a micro or macro mineral?

A

macro mineral

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14
Q

give 8 of the functions of phosphate (there’s a fuck ton)

A
  1. bone mineralization
  2. oxidative phosphorylation
  3. acid-base buffer
  4. DNA and RNA (phosphpdiester bonds)
  5. phospholipids
  6. signaling molecules
  7. reversible modification of proteins
  8. enzymatic reactions
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15
Q

in what ares are phosphorous deficiencies common?

A

in areas where the soil is also low in phosphorous

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16
Q

what is the disease caused by phosphorous deficiency called? describe

A

pica; animals seek out non-nutritious feeds trying to obtain minerals (like wood or bone)

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17
Q

describe the concept of a Ca:P ratio

A

each species has its own, usually about 2:1; if a feed has calcium but not phosphorous, phosphorous will be excreted and vice versa

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18
Q

what causes rickets?

A

a deficiency of Ca, P or vitamin D, or a combo of defiencies of these

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19
Q

what is the symptom of rickets?

A

spongy, poorly mineralized bone, will see bow-leggedness

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20
Q

what is rickets called in adults?

A

osteomalacia

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21
Q

is magnesium a macro or micro nutrient?

A

macro

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22
Q

what are the 5 functions of magnesium

A
  1. anion charge neutralization
  2. cellular energy metabolism: cofactor
  3. nucleic acid and protein synthesis: cofactor for transcription and translation
  4. second messenger
  5. ion channels
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23
Q

describe magnesium’s function in anion charge neutralization

A

ADP and ATP are charged, magnesium neutralizes

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24
Q

describe magnesium’s function in ion channels

A

the sodium/potassium ATPase pump requires magnesium

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25
Q

what are the symptoms of a magnesium deficiency?

A
  1. grass tetany
  2. convulsions
  3. muscle twitching
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26
Q

when is grass tetany a high risk and why?

A

for animals on low-magnesium pastures in the spring while grass is growing; this is because the growing grass is high in ammonia which binds the magnesium and makes it unavailable, causes Mg deficiency

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27
Q

whata re the 3 electrolyte minerals?

A
  1. sodium
  2. potassium
  3. chloride
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28
Q

are electrolytes micro or macro nutrients?

A

macro

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29
Q

describe the lumping of electrolytes and who is responsible for the most function

A

are lumped because they are very similar, but sodium is responsible for most of the known functions

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30
Q

whata re the 3 functions of electrolytes?

A
  1. nutrient transport (sodium dependent amino acid transporters and the sodium/potassium pump allows transport of most water-soluble vitamins)
  2. membrane potentials (all 3 do this)
  3. maintain extracellular fluid volume (also mainly sodium, when sodium is high things leave cells and enter blood stream so blood pressure is also high)
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31
Q

whata re the 3 symptoms of electrolyte deficiency?

A
  1. irregular heart beat (due to membrane potential change)
  2. vomiting
  3. diarrhea
32
Q

describe ease of developing electrolyte deficiency

A

very easy to do, especially if losing a lot of fluid

33
Q

is iodine a macro or micro nutrient?

A

micro, don’t need to supply in large amounts

34
Q

what is the function of iodine?

A

thyroid hormone synthesis, which is then responsible for regulation of all metabolism

35
Q

what is the symptom caused by iodine deficiency? describe

A

goiter, or enlargement of thyroid as partial thyroid hormone builds up, since not fully synthesized due to lack of iodine cannot be secreted

36
Q

what is the inactive form of thyroid hormone?

A

T4, has 4 iodines

37
Q

what is the active form of thyroid hormone?

A

T3, has three iodines

38
Q

what is needed besides iodine for thyroid hormone synthesis?

39
Q

is selenium a macro or micro nutrient?

40
Q

what is the function of selenium?

A

synthesis of selenoproteins

41
Q

what are 4 selenoproteins?

A
  1. glutathione peroxidases
  2. deioinases
  3. selenoprotein P
  4. selenoprotein W
42
Q

what is the function of glutathione peroxidases, synthesized from selenium?

A

antioxidants that remove hydrogen peroxide from the body to avoid damage

43
Q

what is the function of deiodinases, synthesized by selenium?

A

remove an iodine from T4 to make the active T3 thyroid hormone

44
Q

where is selenoprotein P found?

45
Q

where is selenoprotein M found?

46
Q

is there a broad range of acceptable selenium levels? what does this mean?

A

very narrow range, so there are lots of issues with both toxicity and deficiencies

47
Q

what are the symptoms of selenium toxicity? (3)

A
  1. blind staggers
  2. abnormal hoof growth
  3. abnormal hair growth
48
Q

what are the symptoms of selenium deficiency? (2)

A
  1. white muscle disease

2. liver necrosis

49
Q

what else does iron need for storage and transport in the body? why?

A

must be bound to proteins to avoid binding to oxygen, which would be bad bc can’t use then

50
Q

how is iron stored?

A

bound to ferritin in the liver

51
Q

how is iron transported?

A

bound to transferrin

52
Q

what are the 2 functions of iron?

A
  1. heme protein synthesis

2. proteins with iron-sulfur centers

53
Q

what are 3 heme proteins from iron? give functions

A
  1. hemoglobin: oxygen storage in blood
  2. myoglobin: oxygen storage in muscle
  3. catalase: antioxidant
54
Q

what is a non-heme protein, or a protein with a iron-sulfur center from iron?

55
Q

what is the symptom of iron deficiency?

A

anemia as a result of decreasedoxygen in the blood

56
Q

give the 3 metal minerals

A
  1. zinc
  2. copper
  3. manganese
57
Q

what are the 3 functions of zinc?

A
  1. formation of zinc metalloenzymes
  2. zinc-finger proteins
  3. lymphocytes somehow
58
Q

what are the 2 zinc metalloenzymes?

A
  1. aminopeptidase (for protein digestion)

2. fructose 1,6-bisphosphate

59
Q

what are zinc finger proteins?

A

folding pattern of proteins around zinc, serve as transcription factors

60
Q

what are the 2 symptoms of a zinc deficiency?

A
  1. decreased growth

2. dermatitis

61
Q

what are the 4 functions of copper?

A
  1. copper metalloenzymes
  2. neutrophils and T lymphocytes
  3. iron metabolism
  4. bone and vascular function
62
Q

give the copper metalloenzyme and function

A

cytochrome C oxidase for electron transport

63
Q

describe how copper is necessary for iron metabolism

A

ceruloplasmin allows for iron to bind to transferrin

64
Q

how is copper necessary for bone and vascular function?

A

collagen synthesis: requires copper for bone

elastin requires copper for vascular function, especially in the aorta

65
Q

what are the 7 symptoms of a copper deficiency?

A
  1. anemia
  2. hair depigmentation
  3. reduced growth
  4. aortic rupture
  5. abnormal bone formation
  6. ataxia
  7. GI disturbance
66
Q

what are the 2 functions of manganese

A
  1. manganese metalloenzymes

2. cartilage formation

67
Q

what are the 2 manganese metalloenzymes?

A
  1. pyruvate carboxylase

2. phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase

68
Q

what are the symptoms of a manganese deficiency? (2)

A
  1. defective bone formation

2. perosis in poultry (slipped tendon)

69
Q

what are zinc, copper, and manganese all necessary for?

A

superoxide dismutase synthesis

70
Q

what do superoxide dismutases do?

A

catalyze reaction of free radical oxygen to hydrogen peroxide

71
Q

once superoxide dismutases convert free radical oxygen to hydrogen peroxide, what happens to removed the H2O2?

A

glutathione peroxidase (from selenium) and catalase (from iron) then catalyze reactions to convert H2O2 to water and oxygen

72
Q

when is sulfur requried for ruminants?

A

when there is not adequate adenine and cystine in diet

73
Q

what is the function of sulfur when it is required?

A

microbial synthesis of sulfur-amino acids in the rumen

74
Q

if sulfur is low in ruminants, what else will be low because of its function?

A

protein will also be low

75
Q

what are the 2 symptoms of a sulfur deficiency?

A
  1. reduced weight gain

2. poor wool growth

Nutrition (19 decks)

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