Feedstuffs Flashcards
what are the 4 classifications of feeds? describe
- concentrates: high nutrient, low fiber
- roughages: high fiber, low nutrient
- vitamins/minerals
- feed additives: non-nutritive feedstuffs
what are the 2 types of concentrates?
- energy concentrates: high energy, low fiber
2. protein concetrates: high protein (at least 20% CP), low fiber
what are the 3 reasons for adding feed additives?
- improve efficiency of feed utilization
- imrpove feed acceptance/palatability
- beneficial to the health of metabolism of animal (ex. pellet binders, medication, probiotics or prebiotics)
what is the main type of feed fed as an energy source?
cereals, members of the grass fmaily that are primary energy sources for humans and nonruminant animals
give 6 cereals that are fed for energy
- corn
- millet (and sorghum)
- wheat
- barley
- oats
- rye
what is the most important feed grain with a highly digestible energy content?
corn
describe the energy content of corn (4)
- high in starch
- low in fiber
- approx 4% oil
- high in unsaturated fats, so is liquid at room temp
describe the mineral content of corn
low in calcium, high in unavaliable phosphorous
why is unavailable phosphorous a problem?
it has phytate, making the P unavailable to the animal by binding it; the animal doesn’t benefit, plus the phosphorous is then excreted into the environment and enters the water supply
what can be done to combat unavailable phosphorous?
feed phytase to make the P more absorbable
describe the protein content of corn
- 9% CP
2. poor quality protein bc of high zein content
describe the vitamin content of corn (3)
- high in vitamin A due to carotenoid pigments
- contains xanthophylls
- low in niacin, must add B vitamins to diet to counteract
what are xanthophylls?
color pigments that are incorporated into animal products and necessary for consumer acceptance
what mold is corn susceptible to? what does this do?
Aspergillus flavus; produces the mycotoxin Aflatoxin
what can mycotoxins like Aflatoxin on corn do to animals? (3)
- reduced feed intake, caused reduced growth
- diarrhea
- liver damage
where are millet and sorghum major food grains?
semiarid tropics
where is millet often fed?
in bird seed
what is sorghum also called? where is it fed?
milo; in domestic animal feed
describe the energy content of sorghum (and millet)
- similar to corn but
2. requires processing to improve digestibility
describe the protein content of sorghum (and millet)
- 10% CP
2. poor quality protein; amino acid availability is low
what are deleterious factors?
anything that can cause harm or decrease usability of feed
what is the deleterious factor of sorghum (and millet) and why bad?
condensed tannins that
1. react with proteins and cause digestive disturbances and decrease palatability but can be overcome by processing methods
is wheat commonly used in animals? why or why not?
no mostly used in humans, not cost effective for animals
describe the energy content of wheat
just similar to corn, yay
how does wheat differ from corn?
has 13% CP, which is higehr than corn
describe the energy content of barley
lower than corn
describe the protein content of barley
12% CP, also higher than corn
what are the 2 deleterious factors of barley?
- high in unavailable phosphorous bound to phytate
2. contains beta-glucans
what do beta-glucans in barley do? (2)
- reduces digesta flow rate and lipid absorption
2. causes sticky excreta in poultry which is a problem with only have one hole
how can the beta-glucans in barley be overcome?
can add glucanases to feed to assist with digestion
what animals are mostly fed oats and why?
horses, hella expensive
describe the energy content of oats
low
describe the soluble fiber content in oats?
high
what is usually done to improve the digestibility of oats?
usually must be processed (rolled, etc.)
describe the protein content of oats
12% CP, which is somewhat high and that protein is high quality too so yay
what is the protein content of rye?
12% CP
what are the 3 negative characteristics of rye?
- ergot
- pectins
- pentosans
what is ergot? what does it cause? (4)
a fungus of rye that causes loss of tips of extremities, reduced growth, abortions, and agalactia
what are pectins? what do they cause? (2)
deleterious factor of rye that causes digestive disturbances and sticky excreta
what are pentosans? what do they cause? (2)
carbohydrate structures of rye that cause digestive disturbances and diarrhea
give 3 energy sources that are not cereal grains
- buckwheat
- liquid molasses
- dried by-product feeds
describe the protein content of buckwheat
11% CP, high quality!
what is a deleterious factor of buckwheat?
contains fagopyrin
what does fagopyrin do?
of buckwheat, causes photosensitization of light-skinned animals, which can be an issue with pasture animals that will become very sensitive to UV rays
describe the sugar and protein content of molasses?
48% sugar, very low protein
how much of the diet can be molasses? why?
up to 30% of the diet as an energy source, any higher and will be laxative
why is molasses usually fed?
to increase acceptance and palatability of a feedstuff
describe molasses toxicity in ruminants
when all the suger gets fermented into ketogenic butyrate, ketotic effects such as blindness and incoordination can occur, so don’t overfeed molasses in ruminants!
give 3 dried by-product feed energy sources
- beet pulp
- citrus pulp
- dried bakery by-product
describe beet pulp
highly palatable due to sugar residue
describe citrus pulp
less palatable than beet pulp but a good energy source and can be mixed with molasses to improve acceptance
describe dried bakery by-product
super palatable, high energy, and cheap
