Protein Sources/Feedstuffs Flashcards
in order to be considered a protein concentrate, what percent crude protein must a feedstuff have?
at least 20% CP
what are oilseed meals?
by-products of vegetable oil production
what remains after oil extraction?
a meal that can be fed
what is the most important protein supplement for livestock feeding?
soybean meal
what are the 3 deleterious factors of soybeans? describe
- protease inhibitors: make protein indigestible
- lectins: bind carbohydrates and cause digestive disturbances/diarrhea
- goitrogens: cause goiter (enlarged thyroid)
since soybeans themselves have so many deleterious factors, what must be done to make them less harmful for consumption?
process the meal by heat or chemical treatment
what is the CP content of soybean meal? describe the quality
44-50%, super high and good quality too
why is the protein content of soybean meal so good?
it is plant based, so the amino acid composition is good
describe fiber content of soybean meal
low
what is soybean meal high in that can also be considered a delterious factor?
phytate that binds phosphorous
what is the second most important plant protein supplement?
cottonsead meal
what is the deleterious factor in cottonseed meal and what does this cause?
contains gossypol, which binds iron and makes it unavailable for use; this causes reduced feed intake, reduced growth, liver, heart, and lung damage, and green egg yolks
describe the crude protein, fat, and fiber content of WHOLE cottonseed
23% CP
23% fat
17% fiber
describe the crude protein and fiber content of cottonseed MEAL
41% CP (higher than whole seed)
12% fiber (lower than whole seed)
what is the deleterious factor in cottonseed oil and what does it cause?
contains cyclopropane fatty acids, which cause hard fat in pigs and pink egg albumen
what species of animal is more tolerant of the deleterious factor (cyclopropane fatty acids) in cottonseed meal and why?
ruminants because their microbes help
what are animal protein sources?
meat and bone meal
what special thing do animal protein sources contain that is NOT found in plant sources?
vitamin B12
describe the quality of protein of animal protein sources
very high quality
what is the concern with using animal protein sources?
safety/contamination such as E. coli and mad cow disease
how is nonprotein nitrogen used?
as a supplement to other fed protein
what happens to non protein nitrogen in ruminants?
converted to ammonia in the rumen that is then used by microbes for amino acid synthesis
what is the most common non protein nitrogen source?
urea
what must you be careful of when using urea as a non protein nitrogen source? how do you feed it?
urea toxicity; feed at less than 2% of the diet
what category do the symptoms of urea toxicity fall into? give category and then name 4 symptoms
neurological
- labored breathing
- incoordination
- slobbering
- staggering
describe what happens to cause urea toxicity
too much urea is converted to ammonia too fast for microbe to convert to amino acids so ammonia enters the bloodstream
give 2 non protein nitrogen sources other than urea
- biuret
2. dried poultry waste
what is biuret?
two ureas joined together
what is the benefit of biuret?
since it is two ureas joined together, it is converted to ammonia at a slower rate than urea so is less likely to end up in toxicity
what is the downside to biuret?
it can take up to six weeks to adapt microbes to break down biuret
describe how dried poultry waste works as a non protein nitrogen source
uric acid is broken down to ammonia
what are the 2 concerns with using dried poultry waste as a non protein nitrogen source?
- salmonella
2. drugs in waste getting into animal consuming it
