Protein Sources/Feedstuffs

Question 1

in order to be considered a protein concentrate, what percent crude protein must a feedstuff have?

Answer 1

at least 20% CP

Question 2

what are oilseed meals?

Answer 2

by-products of vegetable oil production

Question 3

what remains after oil extraction?

Answer 3

a meal that can be fed

Question 4

what is the most important protein supplement for livestock feeding?

Answer 4

soybean meal

Question 5

what are the 3 deleterious factors of soybeans? describe

Answer 5

1. protease inhibitors: make protein indigestible
2. lectins: bind carbohydrates and cause digestive disturbances/diarrhea
3. goitrogens: cause goiter (enlarged thyroid)

Question 6

since soybeans themselves have so many deleterious factors, what must be done to make them less harmful for consumption?

Answer 6

process the meal by heat or chemical treatment

Question 7

what is the CP content of soybean meal? describe the quality

Answer 7

44-50%, super high and good quality too

Question 8

why is the protein content of soybean meal so good?

Answer 8

it is plant based, so the amino acid composition is good

Question 9

describe fiber content of soybean meal

Answer 9

low

Question 10

what is soybean meal high in that can also be considered a delterious factor?

Answer 10

phytate that binds phosphorous

Question 11

what is the second most important plant protein supplement?

Answer 11

cottonsead meal

Question 12

what is the deleterious factor in cottonseed meal and what does this cause?

Answer 12

contains gossypol, which binds iron and makes it unavailable for use; this causes reduced feed intake, reduced growth, liver, heart, and lung damage, and green egg yolks

Question 13

describe the crude protein, fat, and fiber content of WHOLE cottonseed

Answer 13

23% CP
23% fat
17% fiber

Question 14

describe the crude protein and fiber content of cottonseed MEAL

Answer 14

41% CP (higher than whole seed)

12% fiber (lower than whole seed)

Question 15

what is the deleterious factor in cottonseed oil and what does it cause?

Answer 15

contains cyclopropane fatty acids, which cause hard fat in pigs and pink egg albumen

Question 16

what species of animal is more tolerant of the deleterious factor (cyclopropane fatty acids) in cottonseed meal and why?

Answer 16

ruminants because their microbes help

Question 17

what are animal protein sources?

Answer 17

meat and bone meal

Question 18

what special thing do animal protein sources contain that is NOT found in plant sources?

Answer 18

vitamin B12

Question 19

describe the quality of protein of animal protein sources

Answer 19

very high quality

Question 20

what is the concern with using animal protein sources?

Answer 20

safety/contamination such as E. coli and mad cow disease

Question 21

how is nonprotein nitrogen used?

Answer 21

as a supplement to other fed protein

Question 22

what happens to non protein nitrogen in ruminants?

Answer 22

converted to ammonia in the rumen that is then used by microbes for amino acid synthesis

Question 23

what is the most common non protein nitrogen source?

Answer 23

urea

Question 24

what must you be careful of when using urea as a non protein nitrogen source? how do you feed it?

Answer 24

urea toxicity; feed at less than 2% of the diet

Question 25

what category do the symptoms of urea toxicity fall into? give category and then name 4 symptoms

Answer 25

neurological

1. labored breathing
2. incoordination
3. slobbering
4. staggering

Question 26

describe what happens to cause urea toxicity

Answer 26

too much urea is converted to ammonia too fast for microbe to convert to amino acids so ammonia enters the bloodstream

Question 27

give 2 non protein nitrogen sources other than urea

Answer 27

1. biuret

2. dried poultry waste

Question 28

what is biuret?

Answer 28

two ureas joined together

Question 29

what is the benefit of biuret?

Answer 29

since it is two ureas joined together, it is converted to ammonia at a slower rate than urea so is less likely to end up in toxicity

Question 30

what is the downside to biuret?

Answer 30

it can take up to six weeks to adapt microbes to break down biuret

Question 31

describe how dried poultry waste works as a non protein nitrogen source

Answer 31

uric acid is broken down to ammonia

Question 32

what are the 2 concerns with using dried poultry waste as a non protein nitrogen source?

Answer 32

1. salmonella

2. drugs in waste getting into animal consuming it