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Neuroanatomy > Visual Systems > Flashcards

Visual Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 layers (tunics) called?

A
  1. fibrous tunic
  2. vascular tunic
  3. sensory tunic
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2
Q

What does the fibrous tunic consist of? (2)

A
  1. cornea
  2. sclera
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3
Q

What does the vascular tunic consist of? (3)

A
  1. iris
  2. ciliary body
  3. choroid
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4
Q

What does the sensory tunic consist of? (1)

A
  1. retina (pigmented layer and neural layer)
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5
Q

What is a transparent structure that allows light to enter the eye while slightly refracting it?

A

cornea

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6
Q

What is made of collagen and is an extension of the dura mater of the brain?

A

sclera

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7
Q

What is referred to as the typical “white of the eye” and is observed through the overlying conjunctiva?

A

sclera

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8
Q

What contains blood vessels, as well as numerous melanocytes for light absorption?

A

choroid

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9
Q

The choroid provides nourishment for the ___________, as well as absorbing any scattered light rays

A

retina

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10
Q

What three things modify the amount and quality of light that enters the eye?

A
  1. iris
  2. lens
  3. ciliary body
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11
Q

The eye is divided into two regions:

A
  1. anterior chamber
  2. posterior chamber
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12
Q

The anterior chamber is filled with ______________ body.

A

aqueous

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13
Q

The posterior chamber is filled with ____________ body.

A

vitreous

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14
Q

What are the four components that comprise the anterior chamber?

A
  1. ciliary body
  2. cornea
  3. iris
  4. lens
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15
Q

What are the four components that comprise the posterior chamber?

A
  1. choroid
  2. retina
  3. optic nerve
  4. optic disc
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16
Q

The ciliary body produces _______________

A

aqueous humor

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17
Q

The ____________________ relaxes the suspensory ligaments allowing the lens to round it up.

A

ciliary muscle

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18
Q

The iris is associated with two smooth muscles:

A
  1. the circular sphincter pupillae muscle (outer edge of the iris)
  2. the radial dilator pupillae muscle
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19
Q

Retinal vessels from the __________ artery originate from the __________.

A

ophthalmic
optic disk

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20
Q

What is the name of the structure that is where the optic nerve fibers exit the retina?

A

optic disk

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21
Q

The _____________ is responsible for the high-resolution, color vision possible in good light .

A

macula

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22
Q

The __________ is the area of the macula with the highest concentration of photoreceptors, and highest sensitivity to color and fine details.

A

fovea

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23
Q

The part of the retina that lies closer to the nose than the fovea is referred to as _________________.

A

nasal retina

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24
Q

The part of the retina that lies near the temple is called _______________.

A

temporal retina

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25
Q

The retina is composed of 3 sections:

A

1.) 3 neural cell body layers
2.) 3 intermediate layers with neural projection (axons and dendrites)
3.) 2 external layers

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26
Q

What are the 2 external layers of the retina called?

A
  1. optic nerve fiber layer
  2. pigment cell layer
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27
Q

What are the 3 neural cell body layers called?

A
  1. ganglion cell layer
  2. inner nuclear layer
  3. outer nuclear layer
28
Q

What are the 3 intermediate layers with neural projections called?

A
  1. inner plexiform layer
  2. outer plexiform layer
  3. layer of rods and cones
29
Q

What mediate night vision?

A

rods

30
Q

What mediates bright light and color vision?

A

cones

31
Q

What provide visual and color acuity?

A

cones

32
Q

What respond to low light?

A

rods

33
Q

What helps with black and white vision?

A

rods

34
Q

What is the name of the light receptor in the rods?

A

rhodopsin

35
Q

What are the photopsins in the cones?

A

blue, red, and green

36
Q

How many rods and cones are there in the eye?

A

120 million rods
6 million cones

37
Q

All cones are concentrated in the _________.

A

fovea

38
Q

The visual cortex processes vision from the _____________ eye and visual field.

A

contralateral

39
Q

Fibers from the nasal retina decussate at the __________________.

A

Optic chiasm

40
Q

Fibers from the temporal retina remain ________________________.

A

ipsilateral

41
Q

A _________________ is one half of the visual field.

A

hemifield

42
Q

A hemifield is usually divided vertically through the _______________ into the left or fight visual field.

A

fovea

43
Q

The ___________________ of the contralateral side conveys the majority of visual information for a given hemifield.

A

nasal retina

44
Q

(LEFT/RIGHT) hemifield includes the right temporal retina and left nasal retina.

A

LEFT

45
Q

(LEFT/RIGHT) hemifield involve the left temporal retina and right nasal retina.

A

RIGHT

46
Q

What is the visual pathway? (7 steps)

A
  1. Retina
  2. Optic nerve
  3. Optic chiasm
  4. Optic tract
  5. Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)
  6. Optic radiation
  7. Primary visual cortex
47
Q

Each point of the 2D visual field perceived by the ____________, maps on to a specific group of neurons in the visual cortex to create 3D image representation!.

A

retina

48
Q

The visual cortex organizes _________________________-lly.

A

somatotopically

49
Q

What is formed by 6 cell layers, which receive alternating projections from fibers originated in the nasal (contralateral) and temporal (ipsilateral) retina.

A

LGN

50
Q

The LGN then projects organized retinotopic fibers to the _______________.

A

cortex

51
Q

How many visual cortices are there?

A

8

52
Q

Which visual cortices involve primary visual cortex, receives inputs from LGN?

A

V1

53
Q

Which visual cortices involve secondary receives afferents from V1 and the pulvinar?

A

V2

54
Q

V2 sends efferents to V___ and V___

A

V3 & V4

55
Q

Which visual cortices process form and motion info?

A

V3 and V3a

56
Q

Which visual cortex involve color and form processing?

A

V4

57
Q

Which cortices involve association processes?

A

V7 and V8

58
Q

The ventral pathway is known as the ______ stream.

A

“what”

59
Q

The dorsal pathway is known as the ______ stream.

A

“where”

60
Q

Which visual processing pathway involves color, texture, pictorial detail, shape, and size?

A

Ventral (“what”)

61
Q

What visual processing pathway involves spatial processing, location, and movement?

A

Dorsal (“where”)

62
Q

The ventral pathway goes to which cortex?

A

inferotemporal cortex

63
Q

The dorsal pathway goes to which cortex?

A

parietal cortex

64
Q

What is the ventral pathway of the control of the lateral eye position?

A

retina –> superior colliculus –> pons (paraabducens nucleus, PPRF) –> CN VI abducens

65
Q

What is the dorsal pathway of the lateral eye position?

A

Retina –> LGN –> Primary visual cortex –> Post parietal cortex –> Frontal eye fields –> Basal ganglia–> Superior colliculus –>Pons, CV VI

Neuroanatomy (23 decks)

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