Diencephalon II: Hypothalamus and Epithalamus Flashcards
The hypothalamus and pituitary gland are known as the ________________.
master endocrine glands
What is a tissue or organ that secretes chemical signals to the bloodstream?
endocrine gland
What are chemical signals called?
hormones
Hormones regulate major physiological functions that allow organisms to maintain _____________.
homeostasis
The hypothalamus is found in the _________ region of the diencephalon.
anterior
The hypothalamus extends fibers to the ___________ , found inferiorly, at the base of the brain.
pituitary gland
What is the pituitary gland also known as?
hypophysis
The hypothalamus can be found caudal to the ___________ and rostral to the _____________-.
optic chiasm
mammillary bodies
The ______________ is composed of many small, function‐specific nuclei.
hypothalamus
The nuclei in the hypothalamus are anatomically divided into 3 groups:
- anterior
- medial
- posterior
The paraventricular and __________ nuclei regulate water volume and conservation
(getting thirsty, or not at all)
supraoptic
The ________ hypothalamic nucleus regulates heat loss (shivering when it’s cold) .
anterior
The _________________ nucleus regulates circadian rhythms (day and night).
suprachiasmatic
The __________1_________and __________2________ nuclei regulate food intake and metabolism through “____1____” and “____2___” centers.
dorsomedial ; hunger
ventromedial ; satiety
The __________ is the major neuroendocrine center of the hypothalamus.
arcuate nucleus
The arcuate nucleus secretes a wide variety of _________________ and ________________.
neuropeptides and hormones
What regulates the production of pituitary hormones?
hypothalamus
The paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei project axons directly to the ____________ to release hormones directly in the peripheral blood.
posterior pituitary
Neurons in other hypothalamic nuclei release hormones into __________________ vessels to regulate pituitary hormone secretion to the peripheral blood.
anterior pituitary
The hypothalamus controls homeostasis by receiving info from the _______ and _________, and by regulating ____________________.
brain and body
physiological processes
The hypothalamus receives _______________ from several brain regions.
afferents
The hypothalamus receives metabolic and hormonal info from the _________.
Blood
The hypothalamus regulates _________ secretion.
hormonal
The _____________ is a small area located posteriorly and superiorly to the thalamus.
epithalamus
The epithalamus is conformed by the ____________, the ___________________, and the _____________________.
- habenula
- stria medullaris
- pineal gland
What is formed by a pair of small nuclei located above the thalamus at its posterior end?
the habenula
The habenula is divided into 2 parts:
- lateral habenula
- medial habenula
The habenula receives afferents (sensory) from the _______________.
stria medullaris
The stria medullaris is a fiber bundle that carries info from the ______________ and the ________________.
basal ganglia and the hypothalamus
The habenula sends efferents (motor) to the ______________, and ____________________ and _______________ nuclei in the midbrain.
pineal gland
dopaminergic and serotoninergic nuclei
The pineal gland is located at the posterior end of the _____________, and superior to the __________________________.
habenula
corpora quadrigemina
The pineal gland produces the hormone ___________________ which is involved in sleep and circadian rhythm regulation.
melatonin
