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Limbic System Flashcards

1
Q

The limbic system is composed of brain structures responsible for ____________________________.

A

lower‐level cognitive functions

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2
Q

What are examples of the limbic system functions?

A

1) Emotional control
2) Memory
3) Reward
4) Olfactory recognition

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3
Q

Why is the limbic system important?

A

Important for individualized interpretation of internal and external stimuli.

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4
Q

The limbic system regions are ____________________ and develop FASTER/SLOWER in life.

A

evolutionarily older
FASTER

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5
Q

What is the limbic system composed of?

A

1) Cingulate gyrus
2) Hippocampus
3) Amygdala
4) Mammillary bodies
5) Fornix
6) Hypothalamus
7) Specific thalamic nuclei
8) Nucleus accumbens
9) Insula
10) Olfactory system

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6
Q

The core components of the limbic system are found in the _________________.

Mammillothalamic tract
Mammillary bodies
Nucleus accumbens
Amygdala
Hippocampus
Fornix
Anterior and mediodorsal
thalamic nuclei

A

diencephalon

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7
Q

The core components of the limbic system are in close proximity and interconnected in pathways that resemble a ____________.

A

ring

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8
Q

What is the hippocampal formation composed of?

A

1.) Hippocampus
2.) Dentate gyrus
3.) Subiculum
4.) Fornix (fibers)

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9
Q

The hippocampal formation involves ___________-term memory, __________________, ___________, and _____________.

A

short
spatial navigation
attention
learning

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10
Q

The hippocampal formation has direct connections to the ____________ and _____________________.

A

amygdala and mammillary bodies

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11
Q

The hippocampal formation is divided into 5 layers; what are they called?

A

CA1
CA2
CA3
CA4
Dentate gyrus (DG)

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12
Q

The hippocampus receives most of its afferent fibers from the ________________.

A

entorhinal cortex

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13
Q

The entorhinal cortex connects it to the ___________, the ______________, and the ____________________.

A

neocortex, the cingulate gyrus, and the olfactory bulb.

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14
Q

The ___________________ is known as the limbic cortex, given its function in logical processing of emotion and its extensive connections to the neocortex.

A

cingulate gyrus

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15
Q

Efferent fibers leave in a structure known as ___________ to project mainly to the _________________ to retrieve recollective memories .

A

fornix
mammillary bodies

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16
Q

Efferent fibers leave in the fornix to the mammilary bdies and to the ____________ (which includes the nucleus accumbens) to _____________________.

A

septal area
regulate reward

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17
Q

What is the interface between motivation and action?

A

The nucleus accumbens (NAc)

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18
Q

What is the integrative center for emotions, emotional behavior, and motivation

A

the amygdala

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19
Q

What is important for responses like fear, anxiety, and aggression?

A

the amygdala

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20
Q

What is crucial in processing of emotional-driven memory and decision-making?

A

the amygdala

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21
Q

The amygdala is the “___________________” area of the brain.

A

fight-or-flight

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22
Q

The amygdala receives inputs from all senses and has many ___________ inputs.

A

visceral

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23
Q

The amygdala is divided into how many nuclei?

A

5

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24
Q

What are the amygdala’s nuclei called?

A
  1. central
  2. basolateral
  3. lateral
  4. basal
  5. medial
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25
The amygdala receives _____________________ from all sensory modalities and projects efferents to centers that regulate _______________________ and ________________.
sensory input physiological responses and memory. *MEMORIZE DIAGRAM*
26
What are the 4 inputs of the amygdala?
1. Thalamus 2. Sensory Cortex (sensory info) 3. Olfactory bulb (olfactory stimuli) 4. Hippocampus (memory regarding stimuli)
27
What are the 3 outputs of the amygdala?
1. Hypothalamus 2. Brainstem (autonomic, physiological and hormonal responses) 3. Hippocampus (memory consolidation)
28
The amygdala mediates fear, anxiety, and aggression by ______ main pathways.
two
29
What are the two amygdala pathways called?
high road processing low road processing
30
The high road involves ___________________ processing.
logical
31
The _______ road recruits memories.
high
32
TRUE or FALSE The low road is immediate!
TRUE
33
During amygdala hijack, anxiety, and panic attacks there is INCREASED/DECREASED thalamic activity and INCREASED/DECREASED frontal lobe activity.
INCREASED thalamic DECREASED frontal lobe activity
34
What are some examples of excessive amygdalar and hypothalamic responses?
hyperventilation, sweating, chest pain, headache, dizziness
35
Increased thalamic activity involves ___________ overload and unusual/heightened ________________.
sensory perceptions
36
Decreased frontal lobe activity involves ________________, ___________, and __________________.
confusion, disorientation, and impulsivity.
37
The __________________________ and __________________________ are regions in rostral to the hypothalamus and the striatum.
nucleus accumbens (NAc) and the olfactory tubercle
38
The nucleus accumbens (NAc) and the olfactory tubercle are known as the ________________ ____________.
ventral striatum
39
The ventral striatum is an anatomical component of the ____________________, but a functional component of the ___________________, serving as a key ______________________.
basal ganglia limbic system limbic-motor interface
40
The ______________________ regulates the cognitive processing of motivation, aversion, reward, pleasure, positive reinforcement, and reinforcement learning.
nucleus accumbens
41
The ____________________ mediates reward cognition, attentional behaviors, and social and sensory responsiveness.
olfactory tubercle
42
The nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle are known as the ______________ pathway.
mesolimbic
43
The nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle receive ___________________ input from the _________ in the midbrain.
dopaminergic VTA
44
The mesocorticolimbic pathway regulates the multiple cognitive and emotional processes required for:
* Incentive salience (cravings for reward) * Associative learning * Reinforcement of stimuli associated with positive emotions such as joy and pleasure
45
The mesocorticolimbic pathway is also known as the:
reward pathway
46
What are the components of the reward pathway? (5)
Ventral tegmental area (VTA) Nucleus accumbens (NAc) Hippocampus Amygdala Prefrontal cortex
47
Why would the reward pathway go to the hippocampus?
It is important for spatial/contextual/relational/novelty processing.
48
What would the reward pathway go to the basolateral amygdala?
It is important for aversive/appetitive conditioning, affective processing, and reward value.
49
Where does the NAc output to?
-Ventral pallidum -hypothalamus -midbrain -motor effector sites
50
The VTA sends signals to what three things?
1) Basolateral amygdala 2) prefrontal cortex 3) NAc
51
Why is the prefrontal cortex important in the reward pathway?
It deals with selective attention, conflict resolution, flexibility, and working memory
52
What structure send signals to the NAc?
Hippocampus (vSub) Basolateral amygdala VTA Prefrontal cortex
53
TRUE OR FALSE: Addictive substances activate the reward pathway very effectively
TRUE
54
What refers to the engagement in a compulsive behavior given its rewarding or pleasurable effect?
Addiction
55
In the addicted brain, the circuit between the _________ and the _________ becomes dysfunctional, leading to STRONGER/WEAKER activation of the ________.
Prefrontal cortex NAc STRONGER NAc
56
The basal ganglia are also involved in limbic functions related to ___________________, ___________________, and ______________________ behaviors.
movement, cognitive and emotional behaviors
57
In regards to Parkinson's, which structure deals with these characteristics: *ICD *apathy *depression *impaired cognition *motor symptoms
cingulate gyrus
58
In regards to Parkinson's, which structure deals with these characteristics: *ICD *impaired reward learning *apathy *depression *anxiety *autonomic dysfunction
ventral striatum
59
In regards to Parkinson's, which structure deals with these characteristics: *sleep disorders *autonomic dysfunctions
hypothalamus
60
In regards to Parkinson's, which structure deals with these characteristics: *impaired affective processing *impaired cognition *sleep disorders *autonomic dysfunctions *motor symptoms
Amygdala
61
In regards to Parkinson's, which structure deals with these characteristics: *dementia *impaired cognition *impaired action control
Hippocampus
62
What are the two "pathways" in the hippocampal circuitry?
1.) Septal area & mammillary bodies (goes thru the FORNIX) ->hippocampus (entorhinal cortex) -> cingulate gyrus 2.) medial hypothalamus -> amygdala -> entorhinal cortex -> cingulate cortex

Neuroanatomy (23 decks)

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