Motor Systems (PART 1) Flashcards

Part 1

1
Q

What are the levels of hierarchy of motor control?

A
  1. Strategic
  2. Tactical
  3. Execution
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2
Q

Which level of hierarchy of motor control involves what are the goals to be achieved by initiating motion?

A

Strategic

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3
Q

The ___________________ and the ___________________ are involved in developing the strategic “level.”

A

cortical association areas
basal ganglia

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4
Q

Which level of hierarchy of motor control utilizes the motor cortex and the cerebellum to develop the sequence and timing of muscles to produce the specific motion required?

A

Tactical

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5
Q

Which level of hierarchy of motor control involves the actual activation of the motor neurons to the spinal cord and then the specific muscles involved.

A

Execution of the motor output

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6
Q

Fixed, automatic movements triggered in response to a specific sensory stimulus. Little voluntary control, although some can be modulated

A

Reflexes

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7
Q

Combination of reflex and voluntary movements used to maintain an upright position with respect to gravity

A

Postural movements

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8
Q

What is an example of reflexes?

A

blinking

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9
Q

What is an example of a postural movements?

A

maintaining balance

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10
Q

Combination of reflex and volition. Initiation and termination is voluntary, but the actual movement is very hardwired.

A

Rhythmic movement

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11
Q

What is an example of rhythmic movements?

A

chewing

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12
Q

Purposeful movements initiated entirely from within the CNS

A

voluntary movements

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13
Q

Which types of movements require the most involvement of higher-order motor regions in the brain?

A

Rhythmic movements and voluntary movements

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14
Q

Head and trunk

A

Axial

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15
Q

Limbs

A

Appendicular

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16
Q

______________ and ______________ nerves stemming from spinal enlargements regulate appendicular muscles.

A

Cervical and lumbar

17
Q

The action of groups of muscles need to be coordinated: _________________ and ____________ muscles are both activated simultaneously by the CNS.

A

agonist and antagonist (e.g. flexors and extensors)

18
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
The starting position of individual muscle fibers and joints is taken into account before coordinated movement takes place.

A

TRUE

19
Q

Biceps: ?
Triceps: ?

A

Flexor
Extensor

20
Q

Muscles that bring limbs to the close to the body are called _____________ ?

A

Flexors

21
Q

_______________ bring limbs away from the body.

A

Extensors

22
Q

What are the 4 types of the muscle’s afferent and efferent fibers?

A
  1. Contracting fibers (extrafusal)
  2. Proprioceptive fibers (muscle spindles, or intrafusal)
  3. α motor neurons (LMN)
  4. Afferent sensory fibers to muscle spindles
23
Q

___________________ are skeletal muscle sensory regions that detect changes in the ___________ of the muscle and provide __________________ information to the CNS.

A

Muscle spindles
length
limb position

24
Q

TRUE OR FALSE
The brain needs to know where muscles are to plan movement!

A

TRUE

25
Q

Upper motor neurons (UMNs) originate in the ___________ and DESCEND through the spinal cord to control _________________________.

A

motor cortex
lower motor neurons (LMNs).

26
Q

Lower motor neurons (LMNs) originate in the ____________ and innervate muscles to perform movement.

A

spinal cord

27
Q

LMNs are located in the _______________ of the spinal cord (Laminae __) and have a _______ to _____________ organization.

A

ventral horn
IX
MEDIAL TO LATERAL

28
Q

LMNs supplying proximal musculature (trunk) are found ____________ and _________.

A

medially and ventrally

29
Q

LMNs innervating distal musculature (limbs) are found ______________ and ____________,

A

dorsally and laterally.