Motor Systems (PART 1) Flashcards
Part 1
What are the levels of hierarchy of motor control?
- Strategic
- Tactical
- Execution
Which level of hierarchy of motor control involves what are the goals to be achieved by initiating motion?
Strategic
The ___________________ and the ___________________ are involved in developing the strategic “level.”
cortical association areas
basal ganglia
Which level of hierarchy of motor control utilizes the motor cortex and the cerebellum to develop the sequence and timing of muscles to produce the specific motion required?
Tactical
Which level of hierarchy of motor control involves the actual activation of the motor neurons to the spinal cord and then the specific muscles involved.
Execution of the motor output
Fixed, automatic movements triggered in response to a specific sensory stimulus. Little voluntary control, although some can be modulated
Reflexes
Combination of reflex and voluntary movements used to maintain an upright position with respect to gravity
Postural movements
What is an example of reflexes?
blinking
What is an example of a postural movements?
maintaining balance
Combination of reflex and volition. Initiation and termination is voluntary, but the actual movement is very hardwired.
Rhythmic movement
What is an example of rhythmic movements?
chewing
Purposeful movements initiated entirely from within the CNS
voluntary movements
Which types of movements require the most involvement of higher-order motor regions in the brain?
Rhythmic movements and voluntary movements
Head and trunk
Axial
Limbs
Appendicular
______________ and ______________ nerves stemming from spinal enlargements regulate appendicular muscles.
Cervical and lumbar
The action of groups of muscles need to be coordinated: _________________ and ____________ muscles are both activated simultaneously by the CNS.
agonist and antagonist (e.g. flexors and extensors)
TRUE OR FALSE:
The starting position of individual muscle fibers and joints is taken into account before coordinated movement takes place.
TRUE
Biceps: ?
Triceps: ?
Flexor
Extensor
Muscles that bring limbs to the close to the body are called _____________ ?
Flexors
_______________ bring limbs away from the body.
Extensors
What are the 4 types of the muscle’s afferent and efferent fibers?
- Contracting fibers (extrafusal)
- Proprioceptive fibers (muscle spindles, or intrafusal)
- α motor neurons (LMN)
- Afferent sensory fibers to muscle spindles
___________________ are skeletal muscle sensory regions that detect changes in the ___________ of the muscle and provide __________________ information to the CNS.
Muscle spindles
length
limb position
TRUE OR FALSE
The brain needs to know where muscles are to plan movement!
TRUE
Upper motor neurons (UMNs) originate in the ___________ and DESCEND through the spinal cord to control _________________________.
motor cortex
lower motor neurons (LMNs).
Lower motor neurons (LMNs) originate in the ____________ and innervate muscles to perform movement.
spinal cord
LMNs are located in the _______________ of the spinal cord (Laminae __) and have a _______ to _____________ organization.
ventral horn
IX
MEDIAL TO LATERAL
LMNs supplying proximal musculature (trunk) are found ____________ and _________.
medially and ventrally
LMNs innervating distal musculature (limbs) are found ______________ and ____________,
dorsally and laterally.
