Motor Systems (PART 1)

Question 1

What are the levels of hierarchy of motor control?

Answer 1

1. Strategic
2. Tactical
3. Execution

Question 2

Which level of hierarchy of motor control involves what are the goals to be achieved by initiating motion?

Answer 2

Strategic

Question 3

The ___________________ and the ___________________ are involved in developing the strategic “level.”

Answer 3

cortical association areas
basal ganglia

Question 4

Which level of hierarchy of motor control utilizes the motor cortex and the cerebellum to develop the sequence and timing of muscles to produce the specific motion required?

Answer 4

Tactical

Question 5

Which level of hierarchy of motor control involves the actual activation of the motor neurons to the spinal cord and then the specific muscles involved.

Answer 5

Execution of the motor output

Question 6

Fixed, automatic movements triggered in response to a specific sensory stimulus. Little voluntary control, although some can be modulated

Answer 6

Reflexes

Question 7

Combination of reflex and voluntary movements used to maintain an upright position with respect to gravity

Answer 7

Postural movements

Question 8

What is an example of reflexes?

Answer 8

blinking

Question 9

What is an example of a postural movements?

Answer 9

maintaining balance

Question 10

Combination of reflex and volition. Initiation and termination is voluntary, but the actual movement is very hardwired.

Answer 10

Rhythmic movement

Question 11

What is an example of rhythmic movements?

Answer 11

chewing

Question 12

Purposeful movements initiated entirely from within the CNS

Answer 12

voluntary movements

Question 13

Which types of movements require the most involvement of higher-order motor regions in the brain?

Answer 13

Rhythmic movements and voluntary movements

Question 14

Head and trunk

Answer 14

Axial

Question 15

Limbs

Answer 15

Appendicular

Question 16

______________ and ______________ nerves stemming from spinal enlargements regulate appendicular muscles.

Answer 16

Cervical and lumbar

Question 17

The action of groups of muscles need to be coordinated: _________________ and ____________ muscles are both activated simultaneously by the CNS.

Answer 17

agonist and antagonist (e.g. flexors and extensors)

Question 18

TRUE OR FALSE:
The starting position of individual muscle fibers and joints is taken into account before coordinated movement takes place.

Answer 18

TRUE

Question 19

Biceps: ?
Triceps: ?

Answer 19

Flexor
Extensor

Question 20

Muscles that bring limbs to the close to the body are called _____________ ?

Answer 20

Flexors

Question 21

_______________ bring limbs away from the body.

Answer 21

Extensors

Question 22

What are the 4 types of the muscle’s afferent and efferent fibers?

Answer 22

1. Contracting fibers (extrafusal)
2. Proprioceptive fibers (muscle spindles, or intrafusal)
3. α motor neurons (LMN)
4. Afferent sensory fibers to muscle spindles

Question 23

___________________ are skeletal muscle sensory regions that detect changes in the ___________ of the muscle and provide __________________ information to the CNS.

Answer 23

Muscle spindles
length
limb position

Question 24

TRUE OR FALSE
The brain needs to know where muscles are to plan movement!

Answer 24

TRUE

Question 25

Upper motor neurons (UMNs) originate in the ___________ and DESCEND through the spinal cord to control _________________________.

Answer 25

motor cortex
lower motor neurons (LMNs).

Question 26

Lower motor neurons (LMNs) originate in the ____________ and innervate muscles to perform movement.

Answer 26

spinal cord

Question 27

LMNs are located in the _______________ of the spinal cord (Laminae __) and have a _______ to _____________ organization.

Answer 27

ventral horn
IX
MEDIAL TO LATERAL

Question 28

LMNs supplying proximal musculature (trunk) are found ____________ and _________.

Answer 28

medially and ventrally

Question 29

LMNs innervating distal musculature (limbs) are found ______________ and ____________,

Answer 29

dorsally and laterally.