Auditory System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four steps of sound transduction?

A
  1. Sound wave ->
  2. Mechanical force ->
  3. Fluid wave ->
  4. Action potentials of sensory neurons
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2
Q

What are considered parts of the external ear? (2)

A
  1. pinna (auricle)
  2. external auditory meatus (canal)
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3
Q

What are considered parts of the middle ear? (4)

A
  1. tympanic membrane (ear drum)
  2. malleus
  3. incus
  4. stapes
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4
Q

What is the word for the malleus, incus, and stapes all together?

A

ossicles

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5
Q

What are considered parts of the inner ear? (5)

A
  1. semicircular canals
  2. cochlea
  3. vestibule
  4. round window
  5. oval window
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6
Q

What cranial nerves branch out from the inner ear?

A

Facial nerve (CN 7), Vestibular nerve (CN 8), and Cochlear nerve (CN 8)

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7
Q

The middle ear contains structures that convert ________________ into ___________________.

A

sound vibration into mechanical input.

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8
Q

The (INNER/MIDDLE/OUTER) ear’s anatomical structures convert mechanical input into electrical signals by amplifying and sorting out auditory information

A

inner

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9
Q

The ____________ is attached to
the tympanic membrane and to the incus.

A

malleus

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10
Q

The ____________ is further attached to the stapes.

A

incus

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11
Q

What sits in an oval shaped window that connects to the inner ear.

A

stapes

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12
Q

When the ___________________ vibrates, the _____________ moves, causing the ___________ to move and the __________ is pushed into the inner ear, setting up a concomitant vibration within the inner ear

A

tympanic membrane
malleus
incus
stapes

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13
Q

The __________ ear is a hollow space within the temporal bone.

A

inner

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14
Q

The inner ear is known as the ____________________.

A

osseous labyrinth

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15
Q

The inner ear is filled with a fluid called:

A

perilymph

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16
Q

In the osseous labyrinth (inner ear) there is a membranous division called the _____________ and this is filled with _____________.

A

membranous labyrinth, filled with endolymph

17
Q

The inner ear communicates with the middle ear through the _________________ (in contact with the stapes) and the __________________.

A

oval window and the round window

18
Q

The labyrinth is divided in three cavities:

A
  1. Scala vestibuli
  2. Scala tympani
  3. Scala media
19
Q

The scala vestibuli and scala tympani are known as:

20
Q

The scala media is known as:

21
Q

The scala media contains the sensory organ of _____________ with hair cells that project fibers to spiral ganglia and cochlear nerve.

22
Q

The endolymph has HIGH/LOW K+ and ___ mV.

23
Q

The perilymph has HIGH/LOW K+ and ___ mV.

24
Q

The inner hair cells have ___ mV.

25
When sound waves produce a vibration of the tympanic membrane, the ossicles move and the _____________ hits the oval window, compressing its ____________.
stapes perilymph
26
What is "tuned" for high frequencies?
the base of the basilar membrane
27
What is "tuned" for low frequencies?
The apex
28
A fluid wave is transferred through the scala _____________ and the scala _______________.
scala tympani and the scala vestibuli
29
The _____________ membrane contains the organ of Corti.
basilar
30
As the wave of fluid displaces the basilar membrane, the ______________________________ are ___________because of their resistance against the tectorial membrane. This produces a change in _________________ which stimulates the firing of __________ neurons that project into the brain.
stereocilia of hair cells deflected ionic conductance bipolar
31
bipolar neurons’ somata are found are referred to as ________________.
spiral ganglia
32
The auditory pathway is ___________________!
BILATERAL
33
The major auditory pathway is ______________. And the minor auditory pathway is ________________.
CONTRALATERAL IPSILATERAL
34
What is the auditory pathway? (7 steps)
1.) Bipolar neurons in the cochlea 2.) CN VIII 3.) Cochlear nuclei 4.) Superior olive 5.) Inferior colliculus 6.) Medial geniculate nucleus 7.) Primary auditory cortex
35
Auditory information perceived by one ear can be processed by _______________ of the brain
both sides
36
The point of fiber decussation occurs at the _________before synapsing in the ____________.
pons olive
37
Both ipsilateral and contralateral fibers ASCEND/DESCEND to the ____________ in the _____________-.
ascend inferior colliculus lateral lemniscus
38
_________ frequencies (pitch) stimulate hair cells near the apex of the cochlea. While, _________ frequencies stimulate hair cells near the base of the cochlea
Lower Higher
39
Neurons responding to higher and lower frequencies extend axons to different regions of the ____________________, ________________________, and _____________________.
cochlear nucleus, medial geniculate nucleus, and auditory cortex.