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PSY3051 > Visual Processing (Higher Centres) > Flashcards

Visual Processing (Higher Centres) Flashcards

1
Q

Define

Ablation

A

the surgical removal of body tissue.

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2
Q

Define

Area V1

A

the first stage of cortical processing of visual information. It contains a complete map of the visual field covered by the eyes

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3
Q

Define

Brain imaging

A

the use of various techniques to either directly or indirectly image the structure, function, or pharmacology of the nervous system

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4
Q

Define

Contralateral eye

A

the eye ball which is on the opposite side of the body of some other item of construction

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5
Q

Define

Cortical magnification

A

describes how many neurons in an area of the visual cortex are ‘responsible’ for processing a stimulus of a given size, as a function of visual field location

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6
Q

Define

Distributed representation

A

describes the same data features across multiple scalable and interdependent layers. Each layer defines the information with the same level of accuracy, but adjusted for the level of scale

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7
Q

Define

Dorsal pathway

A

a pathway that carries visual information from the primary visual cortex to the parietal lobe. According to one widely-accepted hypothesis, it carries information related to movement and spatial relationships between objects in the visual field. It is sometimes called the “where” pathway

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8
Q

Define

Double dissociations

A

two related mental processes are shown to function independently of each other

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9
Q

Define

Expertise hypothesis

A

suggests the mechanisms involved in face processing are also engaged by objects with high within-class similarity for which people have become experts at rapid individuation

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10
Q

Define

Extrastriate body area (EBA)

A

a subpart of the extrastriate visual cortex involved in the visual perception of human body and body parts, akin in its respective domain to the fusiform face area, involved in the perception of human faces

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11
Q

Define

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

A

a device that measures brain activity by detecting changes associated with blood flow

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12
Q

Define

Fusiform face area (FFA)

A

a part of the human visual system that is specialized for facial recognition. It is located in the Inferior temporal cortex (IT)

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13
Q

Define

Hippocampus

A

the elongated ridges on the floor of each lateral ventricle of the brain, thought to be the centre of emotion, memory, and the autonomic nervous system.

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14
Q

Define

How pathway

A

Also known as the parietal stream or the “where” stream, this pathway stretches from the primary visual cortex (V1) in the occipital lobe forward into the parietal lobe. It is interconnected with the parallel ventral stream (the “what” stream) which runs downward from V1 into the temporal lobe

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15
Q

Define

Hypercolumn

A

a 1 mm block of V1 containing both the ocular dominance and orientation columns for a particular region in visual space

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16
Q

Define

Ipsilateral eye

A

the eye located on the same side of the body as another structure or object

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17
Q

Define

Landmark discrimination problem

A

the behavioral task used in Ungerleider and Mishkin’s experiement in which they provided evidence for the dorsal, or where, visual processing stream

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18
Q

Define

Lateral occipital complex (LOC)

A

a large cortical region that appears to play a central role in object recognition

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19
Q

Define

Location columns

A

columns of the visual cortex that contain information from receptive fields at the same location on the retina

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20
Q

Define

M-ganglion cell

A

cells project to the magnocellular layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus

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21
Q

Define

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

a medical imaging technique used in radiology to form pictures of the anatomy and the physiological processes of the body

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22
Q

Define

Mind-body problem

A

a debate concerning the relationship between thought and consciousness in the human mind, and the brain as part of the physical body

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23
Q

Define

Modularity

A

the idea that there are self-contained areas in the brain that store mental processes such as the “lower level” reflexes

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24
Q

Define

Modules

A

functionally specialized cognitive systems that are domain-specific and may also contain innate knowledge about the class of information processed

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25
Q

Define

Neuropsychology

A

a branch of psychology that aims to study the relationships between the brain and behaviour

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26
Q

Define

Object discrimination problem

A

the behavioral task used in ungerleider and mishkins experiment in which they provided evidence for the ventral, or what, visual processing stream

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27
Q

Define

Ocular dominance columns

A

Columns in the visual cortex that respond preferentially to one eye

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28
Q

Define

Orientation columns

A

organized regions of neurons that are excited by visual line stimuli of varying angles. These columns are located in the primary visual cortex (V1) and span multiple cortical layers

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29
Q

Define

P-ganglion cell

A

cells project to the parvocellular layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus

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30
Q

Define

Parahippocampal place area (PPA)

A

a region in the human collateral sulcus that responds more strongly to visual scenes (e.g. images of landscapes or cityscapes) than to other visual stimuli

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31
Q

Define

Prosopagnosia

A

a neurological condition characterized by the inability to recognize the faces of familiar people

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32
Q

Define

Retinotopic map

A

the point-by-point representation of the retinal surface in another structure in the visual system, such as the striate cortex

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33
Q

Define

Spatial organisation

A

an aspect of spatial perception and concerns the perception of spatial relationships

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34
Q

Define

Ventral pathway

A

a pathway that carries visual information from the primary visual cortex to the temporal lobe. According to one widely-accepted hypothesis, it carries information related to object form and recognition

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35
Q

Define

What pathway

A

also known as the ventral stream, it leads to the temporal lobe, which is involved with object and visual identification and recognition

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36
Q

Define

Where pathway

A

Also known as the parietal stream or the “how” stream, this pathway stretches from the primary visual cortex (V1) in the occipital lobe forward into the parietal lobe. It is interconnected with the parallel ventral stream (the “what” stream) which runs downward from V1 into the temporal lobe

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37
Q

Definition

the surgical removal of body tissue.

A

Ablation

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38
Q

Definition

the first stage of cortical processing of visual information. It contains a complete map of the visual field covered by the eyes

A

Area V1

How well did you know this?
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3
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39
Q

Definition

the use of various techniques to either directly or indirectly image the structure, function, or pharmacology of the nervous system

A

Brain imaging

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Definition

the eye ball which is on the opposite side of the body of some other item of construction

A

Contralateral eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
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41
Q

Definition

describes how many neurons in an area of the visual cortex are ‘responsible’ for processing a stimulus of a given size, as a function of visual field location

A

Cortical magnification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Definition

describes the same data features across multiple scalable and interdependent layers. Each layer defines the information with the same level of accuracy, but adjusted for the level of scale

A

Distributed representation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Definition

a pathway that carries visual information from the primary visual cortex to the parietal lobe. According to one widely-accepted hypothesis, it carries information related to movement and spatial relationships between objects in the visual field. It is sometimes called the “where” pathway

A

Dorsal pathway

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
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44
Q

Definition

two related mental processes are shown to function independently of each other

A

Double dissociations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Definition

suggests the mechanisms involved in face processing are also engaged by objects with high within-class similarity for which people have become experts at rapid individuation

A

Expertise hypothesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Definition

a subpart of the extrastriate visual cortex involved in the visual perception of human body and body parts, akin in its respective domain to the fusiform face area, involved in the perception of human faces

A

Extrastriate body area (EBA)

47
Q

Definition

a device that measures brain activity by detecting changes associated with blood flow

A

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

48
Q

Definition

a part of the human visual system that is specialized for facial recognition. It is located in the Inferior temporal cortex (IT)

A

Fusiform face area (FFA)

49
Q

Definition

the elongated ridges on the floor of each lateral ventricle of the brain, thought to be the centre of emotion, memory, and the autonomic nervous system.

A

Hippocampus

50
Q

Definition

Also known as the parietal stream or the “where” stream, this pathway stretches from the primary visual cortex (V1) in the occipital lobe forward into the parietal lobe. It is interconnected with the parallel ventral stream (the “what” stream) which runs downward from V1 into the temporal lobe

A

How pathway

51
Q

Definition

a 1 mm block of V1 containing both the ocular dominance and orientation columns for a particular region in visual space

A

Hypercolumn

52
Q

Definition

the eye located on the same side of the body as another structure or object

A

Ipsilateral eye

53
Q

Definition

the behavioral task used in Ungerleider and Mishkin’s experiement in which they provided evidence for the dorsal, or where, visual processing stream

A

Landmark discrimination problem

54
Q

Definition

a large cortical region that appears to play a central role in object recognition

A

Lateral occipital complex (LOC)

55
Q

Definition

columns of the visual cortex that contain information from receptive fields at the same location on the retina

A

Location columns

56
Q

Definition

cells project to the magnocellular layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus

A

M-ganglion cell

57
Q

Definition

a medical imaging technique used in radiology to form pictures of the anatomy and the physiological processes of the body

A

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

58
Q

Definition

a debate concerning the relationship between thought and consciousness in the human mind, and the brain as part of the physical body

A

Mind-body problem

59
Q

Definition

the idea that there are self-contained areas in the brain that store mental processes such as the “lower level” reflexes

A

Modularity

60
Q

Definition

functionally specialized cognitive systems that are domain-specific and may also contain innate knowledge about the class of information processed

A

Modules

61
Q

Definition

a branch of psychology that aims to study the relationships between the brain and behaviour

A

Neuropsychology

62
Q

Definition

the behavioral task used in ungerleider and mishkins experiment in which they provided evidence for the ventral, or what, visual processing stream

A

Object discrimination problem

63
Q

Definition

Columns in the visual cortex that respond preferentially to one eye

A

Ocular dominance columns

64
Q

Definition

organized regions of neurons that are excited by visual line stimuli of varying angles. These columns are located in the primary visual cortex (V1) and span multiple cortical layers

A

Orientation columns

65
Q

Definition

cells project to the parvocellular layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus

A

P-ganglion cell

66
Q

Definition

a region in the human collateral sulcus that responds more strongly to visual scenes (e.g. images of landscapes or cityscapes) than to other visual stimuli

A

Parahippocampal place area (PPA)

67
Q

Definition

a neurological condition characterized by the inability to recognize the faces of familiar people

A

Prosopagnosia

68
Q

Definition

the point-by-point representation of the retinal surface in another structure in the visual system, such as the striate cortex

A

Retinotopic map

69
Q

Definition

an aspect of spatial perception and concerns the perception of spatial relationships

A

Spatial organisation

70
Q

Definition

a pathway that carries visual information from the primary visual cortex to the temporal lobe. According to one widely-accepted hypothesis, it carries information related to object form and recognition

A

Ventral pathway

71
Q

Definition

also known as the ventral stream, it leads to the temporal lobe, which is involved with object and visual identification and recognition

A

What pathway

72
Q

Definition

Also known as the parietal stream or the “how” stream, this pathway stretches from the primary visual cortex (V1) in the occipital lobe forward into the parietal lobe. It is interconnected with the parallel ventral stream (the “what” stream) which runs downward from V1 into the temporal lobe

A

Where pathway

73
Q

What is the order of the brain structures that signals from the retina pass through?

A

Signals from the retina travel through the optic nerve to the:

  1. Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)
  2. Primary visual receiving area in the occipital lobe (the striate cortex)
  3. And then through two pathways to the temporal lobe and the parietal lobe (what and how pathways)
  4. Finally ariving at the frontal lobe
74
Q

What type of receptive field do all LGN cells have?

A

Center-surround

75
Q

What is the major function of the LGN?

A

Regulate neural information from the retina to the visual cortex

76
Q

Where does the LGN receive signals from?

A

Retina

Cortex

Brain stem

Thalamus

77
Q

The LGN organises retinal signals by what categories?

A

Eye

Receptor type

Type of environmental information

78
Q

Where do 90% of the fibers from the eye immediately project to?

A
79
Q

Describe the bottom-up and top-down processing of the LGN

A

Top-down: information received from cortex

Bottom-up: information received from eyes

80
Q

How many layers does the LGN have?

A

6

81
Q

True or False:

Each layer of the LGN receives signals from only one eye

A

True

82
Q

Which eye does layers 2,3 and 5 recieve signals from?

A

Ipsilateral eye

83
Q

Which eye does layers 1, 4 and 6 recieve signals from?

A

Contralateral eye

84
Q

Which LGN layers receive information from the ipsilateral eye?

A

2, 3 and 5

85
Q

Which LGN layers receive information from the contralateral eye?

A

1, 4 and 6

86
Q

True or False:

the LGN combines information from the left and right eyes

A

False

the LGN keeps information from the left and right eyes seperate in layers

87
Q

How is the visual information in the LGN arranged?

A

Retinotopic map

88
Q

How do you determine the retinotopic map of an organism?

A

Record from neurons with an electrode that penetrates the LGN obliquely

Stimulating receptive felds on the retina shows the location of the corresponding neuron in the LGN

89
Q

Penetrating the LGN obliquely would pass through neurons with what in common?

A

Retinal receptive fields adjacent to one another

90
Q

Penetrating the LGN perpendicular would pass through neurons with what in common?

A

Neurons with roughly the same visual field

91
Q

True or False:

The cortex displays a retinotopic map

A

True

92
Q

What types of neurons are found in the striate cortex?

A

Simple cortical cells

Complex cells

End-stopped cells

93
Q

What does the receptive field of a simple cortical cells with an excitatory centre that favours vertical light look like?

A
94
Q

What do simple cortical cells respond best to?

A

Respond best to bar of light oriented along the length of the receptive field

95
Q

What does an orientation tuning curve show?

A

Shows response of simple cortical cell for orientations of stimuli

96
Q

How are complex cells similar to simple cells? How are the different?

A

Similar: Respond to bars of light of a particular orientation

Different: Respond to moveent of bars of light in specific direction

97
Q

What do end-stopped cells respond to? What do they not respond to?

A

Respond to: Moving lines of specific length; Moving corners or angles

No response to: Stimuli that are too long

98
Q

What cortical cells are considered feature detectors?

A

Simple cortical cell

Complex cortical cell

End-stopped cortical cell

99
Q

What is the term given to neurons that fire to specific features of a stimulus?

A

Feature detectors

100
Q

What does neural fatigue or adaption to stimulus cause?

A
  • Neural firing rate to decrease
  • Neuron to fire less when stimulus immediately presented again
101
Q

What is the method for selective adaptation?

A
  • Measure sensitivity to tange of one stimulus characteristic (i.e. orientation)
  • Adapt to that characteristic by extended exposure (i.e. staring)
  • Re-measure the sensitivity/contrast threshold to range of the stimulus characteristic (see how adaptation has changed perception of the stimuli)
102
Q

How does contrast threshold and orientation tuning curves demonstrate the link between perception and physiology?

A
103
Q

What type of columns are found within the visual cortex?

A

Hypercolumns that contain:

Location columns

Orientation columns

Ocular dominance columns

104
Q

Removal of the ____________ lobe tissue resulted in problems with the object discrimination task

A

Removal of the temporal lobe tissue resulted in problems with the object discrimination task

105
Q

Removal of the ____________ lobe tissue resulted in problems with the landmark discrimination task

A

Removal of the parietal lobe tissue resulted in problems with the landmark discrimination task

106
Q

What do both the what and where/how pathways have in common?

A
  • Originate in retina and continue through ganglion cells in the LGN
  • Have some interconnections
  • Receive feedback from higher brain areas
107
Q

What type of ganglion cell is involved in the parietal “where” pathway?

A

M-ganglion cells

108
Q

What type of ganglion cell is involved in the temporal “what” pathway?

A

P-ganglion cell

109
Q

Which has a larger receptive field: M- or P-ganglion cells?

A

M-ganglion cell

Large receptive field makes it easier to determine location

110
Q

Which visual pathway helps determine function of an observed object?

A

Where/how pathway

111
Q

Which region of the brain responds best to faces in monkeys? What about humans?

A

Monkeys: Inferotemporal (IT) cortex

Humans: Fusiform face area (FFA)

112
Q

What does damage to the fusiform face area (FFA) cause?

A

Face blindness

113
Q

Fusiform face area (FFA) responds best to ___________

Parahippocampal place area (PPA) responds best to _________________

Extrastriate body area (EBA) responds best to __________________

Lateral occipital complex (LOC) responds best to _________

A

Fusiform face area (FFA) responds best to faces

Parahippocampal place area (PPA) responds best to spatial layout

Extrastriate body area (EBA) responds best to pictures of full bodies and body parts

Lateral occipital complex (LOC) responds best to objects

114
Q

What is the evidence that nature is the main cause of neural specialisation? What about for nurture?

A

Nature:

  • Newborn monkeys respond to direction of movement and depth of objects
  • Babies prefer looking a picture of assembled parts of faces

Nurture:

  • Brain imaging experiments show areas that respond best to letters and words
  • fMRI experiments whoe that training results in areas of the FFA responding best to:
    • Cars and birds for experts in these areas
    • Greeble stimuli

PSY3051 (11 decks)

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