Memory Flashcards
1
Q
Define
Articulatory supression
A
the process of inhibiting memory performance by speaking while being presented with an item to remember
2
Q
Define
Autobiographical memory
A
a memory system consisting of episodes recollected from an individual’s life, based on a combination of episodic (personal experiences and specific objects, people and events experienced at particular time and place) and semantic (general knowledge and facts about the world) memory
3
Q
Define
Central executive
A
directs attention and gives priority to particular activities
4
Q
Define
Change detection
A
the process of identifying differences in the state of an object or phenomenon by observing it at different times
5
Q
Define
Chunk
A
a term referring to individual pieces of information
6
Q
Define
Chunking
A
a term referring to the process of taking individual pieces of information (chunks) and grouping them into larger units
7
Q
Define
Classical conditioning
A
a learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired: a response which is at first elicited by the second stimulus is eventually elicited by the first stimulus alone
8
Q
Define
Consolidation
A
time-dependent process by which recent learned experiences are transformed into long-term memory, presumably by structural and chemical changes in the nervous system (e.g., the strengthening of synaptic connections between neurons)
9
Q
Define
Control processes
A
a process that is under the flexible, intentional control of the individual, that he or she is consciously aware of, and that are effortful and constrained by the amount of attentional resources available at the moment
10
Q
Define
Cued Recall
A
the retrieval of memory with the help of cues
11
Q
Define
Decay
A
the fading of a memory
12
Q
Define
Deep processing
A
one of the extreme ends of the level of processing spectrum of mental recall through analysis of language used. It requires the use of semantic processing (how words work together to create meaning) which creates a much stronger memory trace
13
Q
Define
Delayed-response task
A
task for nonhuman animals in which the animal is required to recall the location of a reward after a delay period has elapsed
14
Q
Define
Digit span
A
the number of random digits from a series that a person can recall following a single auditory presentation
15
Q
Define
Echoic memory
A
the sensory memory that register specific to auditory information (sounds)
16
Q
Define
Elaborative rehearsal
A
a memory technique that involves thinking about the meaning of the term to be remembered, as opposed to simply repeating the word to yourself over and over.
17
Q
Define
Encoding
A
allows the perceived item of use or interest to be converted into a construct that can be stored within the brain and recalled later from long-term memory
18
Q
Define
Encoding specificity
A
the principle that retrieval of memory is optimal when the retrieval conditions (such as context or cues) duplicate the conditions that were present when the memory was formed
19
Q
Define
Episodic buffer
A
one of the components of working memory model. It is a temporary store that integrates information from the other components and maintains a sense of time, so that events occur in a continuing sequence
20
Q
Define
Event-related potential (ERP)
A
the measured brain response that is the direct result of a specific sensory, cognitive, or motor event
21
Q
Define
Explicit memory
A
one of the two main types of long-term human memory. It is the conscious, intentional recollection of factual information, previous experiences, and concepts
22
Q
Define
Free recall
A
a basic paradigm in the psychological study of memory. In this paradigm, participants study a list of items on each trial, and then are prompted to recall the items in any order
23
Q
Define
Generation effect
A
a phenomenon where information is better remembered if it is generated from one’s own mind rather than simply read
24
Q
Define
Hippocampus
A
the elongated ridges on the floor of each lateral ventricle of the brain, thought to be the centre of emotion, memory, and the autonomic nervous system.
25
# Define
Iconic memory
the visual sensory memory register pertaining to the visual domain and a fast-decaying store of visual information
26
# Define
Implicit Memory
one of the two main types of long-term human memory. Uses past experiences to remember things without thinking about them
27
# Define
Levels of processing theory
focuses on the depth of processing involved in memory, and predicts the deeper information is processed, the longer a memory trace will last.
28
# Define
Long-term Memory (LTM)
the stage of the Atkinson–Shiffrin memory model where informative knowledge is held indefinitely
29
# Define
Long-term potentiation (LTP)
a persistent strengthening of synapses based on recent patterns of activity. These are patterns of synaptic activity that produce a long-lasting increase in signal transmission between two neurons
30
# Define
Maintenance rehearsal
the process of repeatedly verbalizing or thinking about a piece of information
31
# Define
Memory
the mental capacity or faculty of retaining and reviving facts, events, impressions, etc., or of recalling or recognizing previous experiences
32
# Define
Mental rotation
the ability to rotate mental representations of two-dimensional and three-dimensional objects as it is related to the visual representation of such rotation within the human mind
33
# Define
Mental time travel
the capacity to mentally reconstruct personal events from the past (episodic memory) as well as to imagine possible scenarios in the future (episodic foresight / episodic future thinking)
34
# Define
Modal model of memory
a structural model that was developed by Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin. It describes three storage systems that are linearly connected and is described as a model for information processing
35
# Define
Multiple trace model of consolidation
a memory consolidation model advanced as an alternative model to strength theory. It posits that each time some information is presented to a person, it is neurally encoded in a unique memory trace composed of a combination of its attributes
36
# Define
Paired-associate learning
a classic memory paradigm that is used to understand how people encode and retrieve newly formed associations among stimuli.
37
# Define
Partial report method
a method of testing memory in which only some of the total information presented is to be recalled
38
# Define
Perseveration
repeat or prolong an action, thought, or utterance after the stimulus that prompted it has ceased
39
# Define
Persistence of vision
refers to the optical illusion that occurs when visual perception of an object does not cease for some time after the rays of light proceeding from it have ceased to enter the eye
40
# Define
Personal semantic memory
a portion of long-term memory that processes ideas and concepts that are not drawn from personal experience
41
# Define
Phonological loop
a component of working memory model that deals with auditory information. It is subdivided into the phonological store (which holds words we hear) and the articulatory process (which allows us to repeat words in a loop)
42
# Define
Phonological similarity effect
finding that immediate serial recall is impaired when lists of items are phonologically similar rather than distinct
43
# Define
Phonological store
Linked to speech perception. Holds information in a speech-based form (i.e., spoken words) for 1-2 seconds
44
# Define
Primacy effect
the tendency for facts, impressions, or items that are presented first to be better learned or remembered than material presented later in the sequence
45
# Define
Priming
the implicit memory effect in which exposure to a stimulus influences response to a later stimulus
46
# Define
Proactive interference
the tendency of previously learned material to hinder subsequent learning
47
# Define
Procedural memory
a part of the long-term memory that is responsible for knowing how to do things, also known as motor skills
48
# Define
Propaganda effect
when a subject is more likely to rate statements they have read or heard before as being true, simply because they have been exposed to them before
49
# Define
Reactivation
an important process resulting from reexposure to salient training-related information whereby a memory is brought from an inactive to an active state
50
# Define
Recall
bring (a fact, event, or situation) back into one's mind; remember
51
# Define
Recency effect
occurs when more recent information is better remembered and receives greater weight in forming a judgment than does earlier-presented information
52
# Define
Recognition memory
a subcategory of declarative memory, is the ability to recognize previously encountered events, objects, or people
53
# Define
Reconsolidation
the process of previously consolidated memories being recalled and actively consolidated
54
# Define
Rehearsal
a term for the role of repetition in the retention of memories
55
# Define
Release from proactive interference
restoration of the capacity to readily remember items of one type after switching categories of materials to be recalled
56
# Define
Remember/know procedure
a procedure in which various memory tasks (e.g., recall, free recall) are used to measure and assess two different ways of accessing events from one's past—episodic memory and semantic memory
57
# Define
Repetition priming
ing a response to a stimulus through prior exposure to the same or a related stimulus
58
# Define
Retrieval
the process in which information in your memory can be recalled
59
# Define
Retrieval cue
a prompt that help us remember
60
# Define
Retroactive interference
the tendency of later learning to hinder the memory of previously learned material.
61
# Define
Retrograde amnesia
a loss of memory-access to events that occurred, or information that was learned in the past
62
# Define
Self-reference effect
a tendency for people to encode information differently depending on the level on which they are implicated in the information
63
# Define
Sensory memory
the shortest-term element of memory. It is the ability to retain impressions of sensory information after the original stimuli have ended
64
# Define
Serial position curve
a “U”-shaped learning curve that is normally obtained while recalling a list of words due to the greater accuracy of recall of words from the beginning and end of the list than words from the middle of the list
65
# Define
Shallow processing
cognitive processing of a stimulus that focuses on its superficial, perceptual characteristics rather than its meaning
66
# Define
Short-term memory (STM)
the capacity for holding, but not manipulating, a small amount of information in mind in an active, readily available state for a short period of time
67
# Define
Spacing effect
a cognitive phenomenon in which distributing to-be-learned information across time in short, interrupted study sessions leads to better long-term retention than continuous, massed sessions
68
# Define
Standard model of consolidation
summarized by Squire and Alvarez (1995); it states that when novel information is originally encoded and registered, memory of these new stimuli becomes retained in both the hippocampus and cortical regions.
69
# Define
State-dependent learning
the phenomenon through which memory retrieval is most efficient when an individual is in the same state of consciousness as they were when the memory was formed.
70
# Define
Synaptic consolidation
synonymous with late-phase long-term potentiation[2] and occurs within the first few hours after learning
71
# Define
Systems consolidation
where hippocampus-dependent memories become independent of the hippocampus over a period of weeks to years
72
# Define
Testing effect
the finding that long-term memory is often increased when some of the learning period is devoted to retrieving the to-be-remembered information
73
# Define
Transfer-appropriate processing
a type of state-dependent memory specifically showing that memory performance is not only determined by the depth of processing (where associating meaning with information strengthens the memory; see levels-of-processing effect), but by the relationship between how information is initially encoded and how it is later retrieved.
74
# Define
Visual icon
a visual representation (of an object or scene or person or abstraction) produced on a surface
75
# Define
Visual imagery
mental imagery that involves the sense of having “pictures” in the mind
76
# Define
Visuospatial sketch pad
the component of working memory responsible for handling visual and spatial information
77
# Define
Whole report method
a method used in studies of iconic memory in which the participant attempts to recall all of the presented information
78
# Define
Word length effect
the observation that lists of short words are recalled better than lists of long words
79
# Define
Working memory
a system for temporarily storing and managing the information required to carry out complex cognitive tasks such as learning, reasoning, and comprehension
80
# Definition
the process of inhibiting memory performance by speaking while being presented with an item to remember
Articulatory supression
81
# Definition
a memory system consisting of episodes recollected from an individual's life, based on a combination of episodic (personal experiences and specific objects, people and events experienced at particular time and place) and semantic (general knowledge and facts about the world) memory
Autobiographical memory
82
# Definition
directs attention and gives priority to particular activities
Central executive
83
# Definition
the process of identifying differences in the state of an object or phenomenon by observing it at different times
Change detection
84
# Definition
a term referring to individual pieces of information
Chunk
85
# Definition
a term referring to the process of taking individual pieces of information (chunks) and grouping them into larger units
Chunking
86
# Definition
a learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired: a response which is at first elicited by the second stimulus is eventually elicited by the first stimulus alone
Classical conditioning
87
# Definition
time-dependent process by which recent learned experiences are transformed into long-term memory, presumably by structural and chemical changes in the nervous system (e.g., the strengthening of synaptic connections between neurons)
Consolidation
88
# Definition
a process that is under the flexible, intentional control of the individual, that he or she is consciously aware of, and that are effortful and constrained by the amount of attentional resources available at the moment
Control processes
89
# Definition
the retrieval of memory with the help of cues
Cued Recall
90
# Definition
the fading of a memory
Decay
91
# Definition
one of the extreme ends of the level of processing spectrum of mental recall through analysis of language used. It requires the use of semantic processing (how words work together to create meaning) which creates a much stronger memory trace
Deep processing
92
# Definition
task for nonhuman animals in which the animal is required to recall the location of a reward after a delay period has elapsed
Delayed-response task
93
# Definition
the number of random digits from a series that a person can recall following a single auditory presentation
Digit span
94
# Definition
the sensory memory that register specific to auditory information (sounds)
Echoic memory
95
# Definition
a memory technique that involves thinking about the meaning of the term to be remembered, as opposed to simply repeating the word to yourself over and over.
Elaborative rehearsal
96
# Definition
allows the perceived item of use or interest to be converted into a construct that can be stored within the brain and recalled later from long-term memory
Encoding
97
# Definition
the principle that retrieval of memory is optimal when the retrieval conditions (such as context or cues) duplicate the conditions that were present when the memory was formed
Encoding specificity
98
# Definition
one of the components of working memory model. It is a temporary store that integrates information from the other components and maintains a sense of time, so that events occur in a continuing sequence
Episodic buffer
99
# Definition
the measured brain response that is the direct result of a specific sensory, cognitive, or motor event
Event-related potential (ERP)
100
# Definition
one of the two main types of long-term human memory. It is the conscious, intentional recollection of factual information, previous experiences, and concepts
Explicit memory
101
# Definition
a basic paradigm in the psychological study of memory. In this paradigm, participants study a list of items on each trial, and then are prompted to recall the items in any order
Free recall
102
# Definition
a phenomenon where information is better remembered if it is generated from one's own mind rather than simply read
Generation effect
103
# Definition
the elongated ridges on the floor of each lateral ventricle of the brain, thought to be the centre of emotion, memory, and the autonomic nervous system.
Hippocampus
104
# Definition
the visual sensory memory register pertaining to the visual domain and a fast-decaying store of visual information
Iconic memory
105
# Definition
one of the two main types of long-term human memory. Uses past experiences to remember things without thinking about them
Implicit Memory
106
# Definition
focuses on the depth of processing involved in memory, and predicts the deeper information is processed, the longer a memory trace will last.
Levels of processing theory
107
# Definition
the stage of the Atkinson–Shiffrin memory model where informative knowledge is held indefinitely
Long-term Memory (LTM)
108
# Definition
a persistent strengthening of synapses based on recent patterns of activity. These are patterns of synaptic activity that produce a long-lasting increase in signal transmission between two neurons
Long-term potentiation (LTP)
109
# Definition
the process of repeatedly verbalizing or thinking about a piece of information
Maintenance rehearsal
110
# Definition
the mental capacity or faculty of retaining and reviving facts, events, impressions, etc., or of recalling or recognizing previous experiences
Memory
111
# Definition
the ability to rotate mental representations of two-dimensional and three-dimensional objects as it is related to the visual representation of such rotation within the human mind
Mental rotation
112
# Definition
the capacity to mentally reconstruct personal events from the past (episodic memory) as well as to imagine possible scenarios in the future (episodic foresight / episodic future thinking)
Mental time travel
113
# Definition
a structural model that was developed by Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin. It describes three storage systems that are linearly connected and is described as a model for information processing
Modal model of memory
114
# Definition
a memory consolidation model advanced as an alternative model to strength theory. It posits that each time some information is presented to a person, it is neurally encoded in a unique memory trace composed of a combination of its attributes
Multiple trace model of consolidation
115
# Definition
a classic memory paradigm that is used to understand how people encode and retrieve newly formed associations among stimuli.
Paired-associate learning
116
# Definition
a method of testing memory in which only some of the total information presented is to be recalled
Partial report method
117
# Definition
repeat or prolong an action, thought, or utterance after the stimulus that prompted it has ceased
Perseveration
118
# Definition
refers to the optical illusion that occurs when visual perception of an object does not cease for some time after the rays of light proceeding from it have ceased to enter the eye
Persistence of vision
119
# Definition
a portion of long-term memory that processes ideas and concepts that are not drawn from personal experience
Personal semantic memory
120
# Definition
a component of working memory model that deals with auditory information. It is subdivided into the phonological store (which holds words we hear) and the articulatory process (which allows us to repeat words in a loop)
Phonological loop
121
# Definition
finding that immediate serial recall is impaired when lists of items are phonologically similar rather than distinct
Phonological similarity effect
122
# Definition
Linked to speech perception. Holds information in a speech-based form (i.e., spoken words) for 1-2 seconds
Phonological store
123
# Definition
the tendency for facts, impressions, or items that are presented first to be better learned or remembered than material presented later in the sequence
Primacy effect
124
# Definition
the implicit memory effect in which exposure to a stimulus influences response to a later stimulus
Priming
125
# Definition
the tendency of previously learned material to hinder subsequent learning
Proactive interference
126
# Definition
a part of the long-term memory that is responsible for knowing how to do things, also known as motor skills
Procedural memory
127
# Definition
when a subject is more likely to rate statements they have read or heard before as being true, simply because they have been exposed to them before
Propaganda effect
128
# Definition
an important process resulting from reexposure to salient training-related information whereby a memory is brought from an inactive to an active state
Reactivation
129
# Definition
bring (a fact, event, or situation) back into one's mind; remember
Recall
130
# Definition
occurs when more recent information is better remembered and receives greater weight in forming a judgment than does earlier-presented information
Recency effect
131
# Definition
a subcategory of declarative memory, is the ability to recognize previously encountered events, objects, or people
Recognition memory
132
# Definition
the process of previously consolidated memories being recalled and actively consolidated
Reconsolidation
133
# Definition
a term for the role of repetition in the retention of memories
Rehearsal
134
# Definition
restoration of the capacity to readily remember items of one type after switching categories of materials to be recalled
Release from proactive interference
135
# Definition
a procedure in which various memory tasks (e.g., recall, free recall) are used to measure and assess two different ways of accessing events from one's past—episodic memory and semantic memory
Remember/know procedure
136
# Definition
ing a response to a stimulus through prior exposure to the same or a related stimulus
Repetition priming
137
# Definition
the process in which information in your memory can be recalled
Retrieval
138
# Definition
a prompt that help us remember
Retrieval cue
139
# Definition
the tendency of later learning to hinder the memory of previously learned material.
Retroactive interference
140
# Definition
a loss of memory-access to events that occurred, or information that was learned in the past
Retrograde amnesia
141
# Definition
a tendency for people to encode information differently depending on the level on which they are implicated in the information
Self-reference effect
142
# Definition
the shortest-term element of memory. It is the ability to retain impressions of sensory information after the original stimuli have ended
Sensory memory
143
# Definition
a “U”-shaped learning curve that is normally obtained while recalling a list of words due to the greater accuracy of recall of words from the beginning and end of the list than words from the middle of the list
Serial position curve
144
# Definition
cognitive processing of a stimulus that focuses on its superficial, perceptual characteristics rather than its meaning
Shallow processing
145
# Definition
the capacity for holding, but not manipulating, a small amount of information in mind in an active, readily available state for a short period of time
Short-term memory (STM)
146
# Definition
a cognitive phenomenon in which distributing to-be-learned information across time in short, interrupted study sessions leads to better long-term retention than continuous, massed sessions
Spacing effect
147
# Definition
summarized by Squire and Alvarez (1995); it states that when novel information is originally encoded and registered, memory of these new stimuli becomes retained in both the hippocampus and cortical regions.
Standard model of consolidation
148
# Definition
the phenomenon through which memory retrieval is most efficient when an individual is in the same state of consciousness as they were when the memory was formed.
State-dependent learning
149
# Definition
synonymous with late-phase long-term potentiation[2] and occurs within the first few hours after learning
Synaptic consolidation
150
# Definition
where hippocampus-dependent memories become independent of the hippocampus over a period of weeks to years
Systems consolidation
151
# Definition
the finding that long-term memory is often increased when some of the learning period is devoted to retrieving the to-be-remembered information
Testing effect
152
# Definition
a type of state-dependent memory specifically showing that memory performance is not only determined by the depth of processing (where associating meaning with information strengthens the memory; see levels-of-processing effect), but by the relationship between how information is initially encoded and how it is later retrieved.
Transfer-appropriate processing
153
# Definition
a visual representation (of an object or scene or person or abstraction) produced on a surface
Visual icon
154
# Definition
mental imagery that involves the sense of having “pictures” in the mind
Visual imagery
155
# Definition
the component of working memory responsible for handling visual and spatial information
Visuospatial sketch pad
156
# Definition
a method used in studies of iconic memory in which the participant attempts to recall all of the presented information
Whole report method
157
# Definition
the observation that lists of short words are recalled better than lists of long words
Word length effect
158
# Definition
a system for temporarily storing and managing the information required to carry out complex cognitive tasks such as learning, reasoning, and comprehension
Working memory
159
# Define
Declarative memory
the memory of facts and events and refers to those memories that can be consciously recalled
160
# Define
Nondeclarative memory
a type of long-term memory that stands in contrast to explicit memory in that it doesn't require conscious thought. It allows you to do things by rote. This memory isn't always easy to verbalize, since it flows effortlessly in our actions
161
# Define
Anterograde amnesia
a loss of the ability to create new memories after the event that caused amnesia, leading to a partial or complete inability to recall the recent past, while long-term memories from before the event remain intact
162
# Define
Episodic memory
the memory of every day events (such as times, location geography, associated emotions, and other contextual who, what, when, where, why knowledge) that can be explicitly stated or conjured
163
# Define
Semantic memory
portion of long-term memory that processes ideas and concepts that are not drawn from personal experience
164
# Define
Flashbulb memory
a highly detailed, exceptionally vivid 'snapshot' of the moment and circumstances in which a piece of surprising and consequential (or emotionally arousing) news was learned about
165
# Define
Source monitoring confusion
a type of memory error where the source of a memory is incorrectly attributed to some specific recollected experience
166
# Define
Cryptomnesia
occurs when a forgotten memory returns without its being recognized as such by the subject, who believes it is something new and original
167
# Definition
the memory of facts and events and refers to those memories that can be consciously recalled
Declarative memory
168
# Definition
a type of long-term memory that stands in contrast to explicit memory in that it doesn't require conscious thought. It allows you to do things by rote. This memory isn't always easy to verbalize, since it flows effortlessly in our actions
Nondeclarative memory
169
# Definition
a loss of the ability to create new memories after the event that caused amnesia, leading to a partial or complete inability to recall the recent past, while long-term memories from before the event remain intact
Anterograde amnesia
170
# Definition
the memory of every day events (such as times, location geography, associated emotions, and other contextual who, what, when, where, why knowledge) that can be explicitly stated or conjured
Episodic memory
171
# Definition
portion of long-term memory that processes ideas and concepts that are not drawn from personal experience
Semantic memory
172
# Definition
a highly detailed, exceptionally vivid 'snapshot' of the moment and circumstances in which a piece of surprising and consequential (or emotionally arousing) news was learned about
Flashbulb memory
173
# Definition
a type of memory error where the source of a memory is incorrectly attributed to some specific recollected experience
Source monitoring confusion
174
# Definition
occurs when a forgotten memory returns without its being recognized as such by the subject, who believes it is something new and original
Cryptomnesia
175
What percentage of a long term memory is lost if it is not practiced after 3 years?
60%
176
What are the two major types of long-term memory?
Declarative (explicit)
Nondeclarative (implicit)
177
What are some types of nondeclarative memory?
Procedural memory
Classical conditioning
Habituation
178
What are the types of declarative memory?
Episodic memory
Semantic memory
179
What was different about H.M.'s brain? W
hat did this cause?
Parts of his temporal lobes were removed due to severe epilepsy
Lost declarative memory
180
Why did H.M. still have memories for skills?
Non-declarative memory such as those for skills are not processed by the part of the temporal lobe that was removed
181
What type of memory involves mental time travel?
Episodic memory
182
True or False:
Both types of declarative memory are associated with the same brain areas
False
Episodic and semantic memories activate different parts of the brain
183
True or False:
An episodic memory can turn into a semantic memory overtime
True
184
Which type of memory is the most resistant to amnesia?
Personal semantic memories
185
How can semantic memory be enhanced?
By associating it with episodic
i.e. create a personal semantic memory
186
What are the two common types of amnesia?
Retrograde
Anterograde
187
What are the vivid memories of an emotional event called?
Flashbulb memories
188
True or False:
Flashbulb memories are resistant to misinformation
False
They are often very accurate comapred to initial memories
189
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a lack of clairty about the origins of a memory
**Source monitoring confusion** is a lack of clairty about the origins of a memory
