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PSY3051 > Perceiving Objects, Scenes and Colour > Flashcards

Perceiving Objects, Scenes and Colour Flashcards

1
Q

Define

Achromatic colours

A

a colour that that lacks hues such as white, grey and black

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2
Q

Define

Additive colour mixture

A

the kind of mixing you get if you overlap spotlights in a dark room. The commonly used primary colors of this type are are red, green and blue, and if you overlap all three in effectively equal mixture, you get white light as shown at the center

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3
Q

Define

Anomalous trichromatism

A

A form of defective colour vision in which three primary colours are required for colour matching, but the proportion of each primary is not the same as those required by a normal trichromat

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4
Q

Define

Apparent movement

A

an optical illusion in which stationary objects viewed in quick succession or in relation to moving objects appear to be in motion

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5
Q

Define

Base rate

A

the proportion of individual in the population who show the behaviour of interest in a given psychological testing or assessment situation

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6
Q

Define

Baysian inference

A

a method of statistical inference in which Bayes’ theorem is used to update the probability for a hypothesis as more evidence or information becomes available

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7
Q

Define

Binding

A

process by which features are combined to create perception of coherent objects

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8
Q

Define

Binding problem

A

features of objects are processed separately in different areas of the brain

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9
Q

Define

Cerebral achromaropsia

A

a type of color-blindness caused by damage to the cerebral cortex of the brain, rather than abnormalities in the cells of the eye’s retina

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10
Q

Define

Chromatic adaptation

A

the human visual system’s ability to adjust to changes in illumination in order to preserve the appearance of object colors

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11
Q

Define

Chromatic colours

A

Any color in which one particular wavelength or hue predominates. For example, blue and green

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12
Q

Define

Colour blind

A

the decreased ability to see color or differences in color

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13
Q

Define

Colour circle

A

an abstract illustrative organization of color hues around a circle, which shows the relationships between primary colors, secondary colors, tertiary colors etc.

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14
Q

Define

Colour constancy

A

an example of subjective constancy and a feature of the human color perception system which ensures that the perceived color of objects remains relatively constant under varying illumination conditions

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15
Q

Define

Colour matching

A

the process of transferring a particular color across different technologies or platforms

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16
Q

Define

Colour solid

A

the three-dimensional representation of a color model, an analog of the two-dimensional color wheel

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17
Q

Define

Complementary afterimages

A

a case of perception in which one perceives a subset of the colors available in the external world in a stimulus-shaped local area. They are not illusory opponent hues but localized RGB filtered perception.

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18
Q

Define

Contextual modulation

A

stimuli outside of a neuron’s receptive field can affect neural firing

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19
Q

Define

Desaturated

A

formed by mixing a color of the spectrum with white

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20
Q

Define

Dichromats

A

Organisms with two types of functioning color receptors, called cone cells, in the eyes

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21
Q

Define

Double-opponent neurons

A

opponent cells that have a center, which is excited by one color and inhibited by the other. In the surround, the pattern is reversed. Thus, if the center is excited by green and inhibited by red, the surround will be excited by red and inhibited by green

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22
Q

Define

Feature integration theory

A

a theory of attention developed in 1980 by Anne Treisman and Garry Gelade that suggests that when perceiving a stimulus, features are “registered early, automatically, and in parallel, while objects are identified separately” and at a later stage in processing

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23
Q

Define

Figure

A

an object that is in the foreground of a person’s visual range

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24
Q

Define

Figure-ground segregation

A

the fact that the figure is perceived to stand out from the background, being bounded by a closed contour, behind which the background appears to continue

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25
Q

Define

Focused attention stage

A

the stage of feature integration theory where features are bound into a coherent perception

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26
Q

Define

Gestalt psychology

A

a school of thought that looks at the human mind and behavior as a whole

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27
Q

Define

Gist of a scene

A

the structural representation of a scene built during perception

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28
Q

Define

Global image features

A

describes image as whole whereas local feature represents as image patches

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29
Q

Define

Ground

A

the most distant points of a person’s field of vision when looking at a scene. It serves as a background for the items or “figures” that are closer to the person looking at the scene

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30
Q

Define

Grouping

A

the process by which visual events are “put together” into units or objects

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31
Q

Define

Illusory contours

A

visual illusions that evoke the perception of an edge without a luminance or color change across that edge

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32
Q

Define

Inverse projection problem

A

an image on the retina can be caused by an infinite number of objects

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33
Q

Define

Ishihara plates

A

a color perception test for red-green color deficiencies, the first in a class of successful color vision tests called pseudo-isochromatic plates (“PIP”)

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34
Q

Define

Light-from-above assumption

A

an assumption that light comes from overhead

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35
Q

Define

Lightness constancy

A

our ability to perceive the relative reflectance of objects despite changes in illumination

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36
Q

Define

Likelihood principle

A

the proposition that, given a statistical model, all the evidence in a sample relevant to model parameters is contained in the likelihood function

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37
Q

Define

Metamerism

A

when two colors that are not actually the same (they reflect different wavelengths of light) appear the same under certain lighting conditions

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38
Q

Define

Metamers

A

two patches of color that look identical to us in color but are made up of different physical combinations of wavelengths

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39
Q

Define

Monochromatism

A

complete colour blindness in which all colours appear as shades of one colour

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40
Q

Define

Monochromats

A

Organisms with the lack of ability to distinguish colors

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41
Q

Define

Nonspectral colours

A

a colour that is not in the spectrum of visible light. It can be obtained by a mixture of non-continuous wavelengths, like magenta which is a pink obtained by mixing blue and red, the two extremes of the visible spectrum

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42
Q

Define

Oblique effect

A

people perceive horizontals and vertical more easily than other orientaitons

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43
Q

Define

Opponent neurons

A

neurons that have an excitatory response to some wavelengths and an inhibitory response to wavelengths in the opponent part of the spectrum

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44
Q

Define

Opponent-process theory of colour vision

A

ates that the cone photoreceptors are linked together to form three opposing colour pairs: blue/yellow, red/green, and black/white. Activation of one member of the pair inhibits activity in the other

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45
Q

Define

Perceptual organisation

A

the process of grouping visual elements together so that one can more readily determine the meaning of the visual as a whole

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46
Q

Define

Perceptual segregation

A

the pulling apart of one portion of a perceptual region from the whole by physical barriers or attention-diverting techniques

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47
Q

Define

Persistence of vision

A

refers to the optical illusion that occurs when visual perception of an object does not cease for some time after the rays of light proceeding from it have ceased to enter the eye

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48
Q

Define

Physical regularities

A

regularly occurring physical properties of the environment. For example, there are more vertical and horizontal orientations in the environment than oblique (angled) orientations

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49
Q

Define

Preattentive stage

A

the stage of feature integration theory where features of objects are separated

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50
Q

Define

Principle of common fate

A

states that humans perceive visual elements that move in the same speed and/or direction as parts of a single stimulus.

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51
Q

Define

Principle of common region

A

highly related to proximity. It states that when objects are located within the same closed region, we perceive them as being grouped together

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52
Q

Define

Principle of good continuation

A

a Gestalt principle of organization holding that there is an innate tendency to perceive a line as continuing its established direction

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53
Q

Define

Principle of good figure

A

one of several principles referred to as Gestalt principles which asserts that when people are presented with a set of ambiguous. elements (elements that can be interpreted in different ways), they interpret the. elements in the simplest way. Also known as Principle of simplicity or Principle of Pragnanz

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54
Q

Define

Principle of pragnanz

A

one of several principles referred to as Gestalt principles which asserts that when people are presented with a set of ambiguous. elements (elements that can be interpreted in different ways), they interpret the. elements in the simplest way. Also known as Principle of simplicity or Principle of good figure

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55
Q

Define

Principle of proximity

A

states that “objects or shapes that are close to one another appear to form groups”

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56
Q

Define

Principle of similarity

A

states that things which share visual characteristics such as shape, size, color, texture, value or orientation will be seen as belonging together

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57
Q

Define

Principle of simplicity

A

one of several principles referred to as Gestalt principles which asserts that when people are presented with a set of ambiguous. elements (elements that can be interpreted in different ways), they interpret the. elements in the simplest way. Also known as Principle of Pragnanz or Principle of good figure

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58
Q

Define

Principle of uniform connectedness

A

the strongest of the Gestalt Principles concerned with relatedness. It refers to the fact that elements that are connected by uniform visual properties are perceived as being more related than elements that are not connected

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59
Q

Define

Principle of univariance

A

states that one and the same visual receptor cell can be excited by different combinations of wavelength and intensity, so that the brain cannot know the color of a certain point of the retinal image

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60
Q

Define

Reflectance

A

the measure of the proportion of light or other radiation striking a surface which is reflected off it.

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61
Q

Define

Reflectance curves

A

the plot of the reflectance as a function of wavelength

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62
Q

Define

Reversible figure-ground

A

Perceptual changes of which specific elements make up the figure, and which make up the background in indeterminate figures like Rubin’s

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63
Q

Define

Saturation

A

the intensity of color in an image

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64
Q

Define

Segregation

A

the process of separating one area or object from another

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65
Q

Define

Selective reflection

A

the reflection emitted by a surface that reflects waves of different lengths with varying intensity

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66
Q

Define

Single-opponent neurons

A

opponent neurons that have opponent inputs from two or more cone photoreptors

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67
Q

Define

Spectral colours

A

a color that is evoked in a normal human by a single wavelength of light in the visible spectrum, or by a relatively narrow band of wavelengths, also known as monochromatic light

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68
Q

Define

Structuralism

A

a method of interpretation and analysis of aspects of human cognition, behaviour, culture, and experience, which focuses on relationships of contrast between elements in a conceptual system

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69
Q

Define

Subtractive colour mixture

A

Subtractive color mixing is the kind of mixing you get if you illuminate colored filters with white light from behind

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70
Q

Define

Transmission curves

A

the mathematical function or graph that describes the transmission fraction of an optical or electronic filter as a function of frequency or wavelength

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71
Q

Define

Trichromatic theory of vision

A

claims that humans perceive color because the eye can receive light of three different wavelengths and combine them into the entire visible spectrum. Also known as the Young-Helmholtz theory

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72
Q

Define

Trichromats

A

Organisms possessing three independent channels for conveying color information, derived from the three different types of cone cells in the eye

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73
Q

Define

Unconscious inference

A

perception is indirectly influenced by inferences about current sensory input that make use of the perceiver’s knowledge of the world and prior experience with similar input

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74
Q

Define

Uniform connectedness

A

elements are defined by areas of the same colour or texture

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75
Q

Define

Unilateral dichromat

A

trichromatic vision in one eye and dichromatic in other

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76
Q

Define

Value

A

the light-to-dark dimension of colour

77
Q

Define

Viewpoint invariance

A

the phenomenon that enables us to recognize objects regardless of viewing angle

78
Q

Define

Visual masking stimulus

A

reduction or elimination of the visibility of one brief (≤ 50 ms) stimulus, called the “target”, by the presentation of a second brief stimulus, called the “mask”

79
Q

Define

Young-Helmholtz theory

A

claims that humans perceive color because the eye can receive light of three different wavelengths and combine them into the entire visible spectrum. Also known as the Trichromatic theory of vision

80
Q

Definition

a colour that that lacks hues such as white, grey and black

A

Achromatic colours

81
Q

Definition

the kind of mixing you get if you overlap spotlights in a dark room. The commonly used primary colors of this type are are red, green and blue, and if you overlap all three in effectively equal mixture, you get white light as shown at the center

A

Additive colour mixture

82
Q

Definition

A form of defective colour vision in which three primary colours are required for colour matching, but the proportion of each primary is not the same as those required by a normal trichromat

A

Anomalous trichromatism

83
Q

Definition

an optical illusion in which stationary objects viewed in quick succession or in relation to moving objects appear to be in motion

A

Apparent movement

84
Q

Definition

the proportion of individual in the population who show the behaviour of interest in a given psychological testing or assessment situation

A

Base rate

85
Q

Definition

a method of statistical inference in which Bayes’ theorem is used to update the probability for a hypothesis as more evidence or information becomes available

A

Baysian inference

86
Q

Definition

process by which features are combined to create perception of coherent objects

A

Binding

87
Q

Definition

features of objects are processed separately in different areas of the brain

A

Binding problem

88
Q

Definition

a type of color-blindness caused by damage to the cerebral cortex of the brain, rather than abnormalities in the cells of the eye’s retina

A

Cerebral achromaropsia

89
Q

Definition

the human visual system’s ability to adjust to changes in illumination in order to preserve the appearance of object colors

A

Chromatic adaptation

90
Q

Definition

Any color in which one particular wavelength or hue predominates. For example, blue and green

A

Chromatic colours

91
Q

Definition

the decreased ability to see color or differences in color

A

Colour blind

92
Q

Definition

an abstract illustrative organization of color hues around a circle, which shows the relationships between primary colors, secondary colors, tertiary colors etc.

A

Colour circle

93
Q

Definition

an example of subjective constancy and a feature of the human color perception system which ensures that the perceived color of objects remains relatively constant under varying illumination conditions

A

Colour constancy

94
Q

Definition

the process of transferring a particular color across different technologies or platforms

A

Colour matching

95
Q

Definition

the three-dimensional representation of a color model, an analog of the two-dimensional color wheel

A

Colour solid

96
Q

Definition

a case of perception in which one perceives a subset of the colors available in the external world in a stimulus-shaped local area. They are not illusory opponent hues but localized RGB filtered perception.

A

Complementary afterimages

97
Q

Definition

stimuli outside of a neuron’s receptive field can affect neural firing

A

Contextual modulation

98
Q

Definition

formed by mixing a color of the spectrum with white

A

Desaturated

99
Q

Definition

Organisms with two types of functioning color receptors, called cone cells, in the eyes

A

Dichromats

100
Q

Definition

opponent cells that have a center, which is excited by one color and inhibited by the other. In the surround, the pattern is reversed. Thus, if the center is excited by green and inhibited by red, the surround will be excited by red and inhibited by green

A

Double-opponent neurons

101
Q

Definition

a theory of attention developed in 1980 by Anne Treisman and Garry Gelade that suggests that when perceiving a stimulus, features are “registered early, automatically, and in parallel, while objects are identified separately” and at a later stage in processing

A

Feature integration theory

102
Q

Definition

an object that is in the foreground of a person’s visual range

A

Figure

103
Q

Definition

the fact that the figure is perceived to stand out from the background, being bounded by a closed contour, behind which the background appears to continue

A

Figure-ground segregation

104
Q

Definition

the stage of feature integration theory where features are bound into a coherent perception

A

Focused attention stage

105
Q

Definition

a school of thought that looks at the human mind and behavior as a whole

A

Gestalt psychology

106
Q

Definition

the structural representation of a scene built during perception

A

Gist of a scene

107
Q

Definition

describes image as whole whereas local feature represents as image patches

A

Global image features

108
Q

Definition

the most distant points of a person’s field of vision when looking at a scene. It serves as a background for the items or “figures” that are closer to the person looking at the scene

A

Ground

109
Q

Definition

the process by which visual events are “put together” into units or objects

A

Grouping

110
Q

Definition

visual illusions that evoke the perception of an edge without a luminance or color change across that edge

A

Illusory contours

111
Q

Definition

an image on the retina can be caused by an infinite number of objects

A

Inverse projection problem

112
Q

Definition

a color perception test for red-green color deficiencies, the first in a class of successful color vision tests called pseudo-isochromatic plates (“PIP”)

A

Ishihara plates

113
Q

Definition

an assumption that light comes from overhead

A

Light-from-above assumption

114
Q

Definition

our ability to perceive the relative reflectance of objects despite changes in illumination

A

Lightness constancy

115
Q

Definition

the proposition that, given a statistical model, all the evidence in a sample relevant to model parameters is contained in the likelihood function

A

Likelihood principle

116
Q

Definition

when two colors that are not actually the same (they reflect different wavelengths of light) appear the same under certain lighting conditions

A

Metamerism

117
Q

Definition

two patches of color that look identical to us in color but are made up of different physical combinations of wavelengths

A

Metamers

118
Q

Definition

complete colour blindness in which all colours appear as shades of one colour

A

Monochromatism

119
Q

Definition

Organisms with the lack of ability to distinguish colors

A

Monochromats

120
Q

Definition

a colour that is not in the spectrum of visible light. It can be obtained by a mixture of non-continuous wavelengths, like magenta which is a pink obtained by mixing blue and red, the two extremes of the visible spectrum

A

Nonspectral colours

121
Q

Definition

people perceive horizontals and vertical more easily than other orientaitons

A

Oblique effect

122
Q

Definition

neurons that have an excitatory response to some wavelengths and an inhibitory response to wavelengths in the opponent part of the spectrum

A

Opponent neurons

123
Q

Definition

ates that the cone photoreceptors are linked together to form three opposing colour pairs: blue/yellow, red/green, and black/white. Activation of one member of the pair inhibits activity in the other

A

Opponent-process theory of colour vision

124
Q

Definition

the process of grouping visual elements together so that one can more readily determine the meaning of the visual as a whole

A

Perceptual organisation

125
Q

Definition

the pulling apart of one portion of a perceptual region from the whole by physical barriers or attention-diverting techniques

A

Perceptual segregation

126
Q

Definition

refers to the optical illusion that occurs when visual perception of an object does not cease for some time after the rays of light proceeding from it have ceased to enter the eye

A

Persistence of vision

127
Q

Definition

regularly occurring physical properties of the environment. For example, there are more vertical and horizontal orientations in the environment than oblique (angled) orientations

A

Physical regularities

128
Q

Definition

the stage of feature integration theory where features of objects are separated

A

Preattentive stage

129
Q

Definition

states that humans perceive visual elements that move in the same speed and/or direction as parts of a single stimulus.

A

Principle of common fate

130
Q

Definition

highly related to proximity. It states that when objects are located within the same closed region, we perceive them as being grouped together

A

Principle of common region

131
Q

Definition

a Gestalt principle of organization holding that there is an innate tendency to perceive a line as continuing its established direction

A

Principle of good continuation

132
Q

Definition

one of several principles referred to as Gestalt principles which asserts that when people are presented with a set of ambiguous. elements (elements that can be interpreted in different ways), they interpret the. elements in the simplest way. Also known as Principle of simplicity or Principle of Pragnanz

A

Principle of good figure

133
Q

Definition

one of several principles referred to as Gestalt principles which asserts that when people are presented with a set of ambiguous. elements (elements that can be interpreted in different ways), they interpret the. elements in the simplest way. Also known as Principle of simplicity or Principle of good figure

A

Principle of pragnanz

134
Q

Definition

states that “objects or shapes that are close to one another appear to form groups”

A

Principle of proximity

135
Q

Definition

states that things which share visual characteristics such as shape, size, color, texture, value or orientation will be seen as belonging together

A

Principle of similarity

136
Q

Definition

one of several principles referred to as Gestalt principles which asserts that when people are presented with a set of ambiguous. elements (elements that can be interpreted in different ways), they interpret the. elements in the simplest way. Also known as Principle of Pragnanz or Principle of good figure

A

Principle of simplicity

137
Q

Definition

the strongest of the Gestalt Principles concerned with relatedness. It refers to the fact that elements that are connected by uniform visual properties are perceived as being more related than elements that are not connected

A

Principle of uniform connectedness

138
Q

Definition

states that one and the same visual receptor cell can be excited by different combinations of wavelength and intensity, so that the brain cannot know the color of a certain point of the retinal image

A

Principle of univariance

139
Q

Definition

the measure of the proportion of light or other radiation striking a surface which is reflected off it.

A

Reflectance

140
Q

Definition

the plot of the reflectance as a function of wavelength

A

Reflectance curves

141
Q

Definition

Perceptual changes of which specific elements make up the figure, and which make up the background in indeterminate figures like Rubin’s

A

Reversible figure-ground

142
Q

Definition

the intensity of color in an image

A

Saturation

143
Q

Definition

the process of separating one area or object from another

A

Segregation

144
Q

Definition

the reflection emitted by a surface that reflects waves of different lengths with varying intensity

A

Selective reflection

145
Q

Definition

opponent neurons that have opponent inputs from two or more cone photoreptors

A

Single-opponent neurons

146
Q

Definition

a color that is evoked in a normal human by a single wavelength of light in the visible spectrum, or by a relatively narrow band of wavelengths, also known as monochromatic light

A

Spectral colours

147
Q

Definition

a method of interpretation and analysis of aspects of human cognition, behaviour, culture, and experience, which focuses on relationships of contrast between elements in a conceptual system

A

Structuralism

148
Q

Definition

Subtractive color mixing is the kind of mixing you get if you illuminate colored filters with white light from behind

A

Subtractive colour mixture

149
Q

Definition

the mathematical function or graph that describes the transmission fraction of an optical or electronic filter as a function of frequency or wavelength

A

Transmission curves

150
Q

Definition

claims that humans perceive color because the eye can receive light of three different wavelengths and combine them into the entire visible spectrum. Also known as the Young-Helmholtz theory

A

Trichromatic theory of vision

151
Q

Definition

Organisms possessing three independent channels for conveying color information, derived from the three different types of cone cells in the eye

A

Trichromats

152
Q

Definition

perception is indirectly influenced by inferences about current sensory input that make use of the perceiver’s knowledge of the world and prior experience with similar input

A

Unconscious inference

153
Q

Definition

elements are defined by areas of the same colour or texture

A

Uniform connectedness

154
Q

Definition

trichromatic vision in one eye and dichromatic in other

A

Unilateral dichromat

155
Q

Definition

the light-to-dark dimension of colour

A

Value

156
Q

Definition

the phenomenon that enables us to recognize objects regardless of viewing angle

A

Viewpoint invariance

157
Q

Definition

reduction or elimination of the visibility of one brief (≤ 50 ms) stimulus, called the “target”, by the presentation of a second brief stimulus, called the “mask”

A

Visual masking stimulus

158
Q

Definition

claims that humans perceive color because the eye can receive light of three different wavelengths and combine them into the entire visible spectrum. Also known as the Trichromatic theory of vision

A

Young-Helmholtz theory

159
Q

What is the main challenges of object perception?

A
  • The stimulus on the receptors is ambiguous
    • Inverse projection problem: an image on the retina can be caused by an infinite number of objects
  • Objects can be hidden or blurred
    • Occlusions are common in the environment
  • Objects look different from different viewpoints
    • Viewpoint invariance: the ability to recognise an object regardless of the viewpoint
160
Q

Who established structuralism?

A

Wundt

161
Q

What does the Structuralist Approach state?

A

States that perceptions are created by combining elements called sensations

162
Q

What phenomena can structuralism not explain?

A

Structuralism could not explain apparent movement or illusory contours

163
Q

List the principles of perceptual organisation

A

Pragnanz

Similarity

Good continuation

Proximity

Common region

Uniform connectedness

Synchrony

Common fate

164
Q

What are some properties of figure and ground?

A
  • The figure is more “thinglike” and more memorable than ground
  • The figure is seen in front of the ground
  • The ground is more uniform and extends behind figure
  • The contour separating figure from ground belongs to the figure (border ownership)
165
Q

What factors determine which area is a figure?

A
  • Elements located in the lower part of displays
  • Units that are symmetrical
  • Elements that are small
  • Units that are oriented vertically
  • Elements that have meaning
166
Q

What are the two types of regularities in the environment?

A

Semantic regularities

Physical regularities

167
Q

What does physical regularities in the environment include?

A

Oblique effect

Uniform connectedness

Light-from-above heuristic

168
Q

What are semantic regularities?

A

Characteristics assocaited with the functions of scenes

169
Q

What is the theory of unconscious inference? What two principles does it include?

A
  • Created by Helmholtz to explain why stimuli can be interpreted in more than one way, but we tend to favour one
  • Main principle - perceptions are result of unconscious assumptions about the environment
  • Likelihood principle - objects are perceived based on what is most likely to have caused the pattern
170
Q

What theories describe how binding occurs?

A

Feature integration theory

Illusory conjunctions

171
Q

What are the two stages of feature integration theory?

A

Preattentive stage: features of objects are separated

Focused attention stage: features are bound into a coherent perception

172
Q

Create a diagram explaining Treisman’s (1988) feature integration theory

A
173
Q

What is Balint’s syndrome?

A

Patients with pariental lobe damage show lack of focused attention results in incorrect combinations of features

174
Q

What are some functions of colour vision?

A
  • Colour signals help us classify and identify objects
  • Colour facilitates perceptual organisation of elements into objects
  • Colour vision may provide an evolutionary advantage in foraging for food
175
Q

How can we describe colour experience?

A
  • Basic colours are red, yellow, green and blue
  • Colour circle shows perceptual relationship among colours
  • Colours can be changed by:
    • Intensity which changes perceived brightness
    • Saturation - adding white to a colour results in less saturated colour
    • Wavelength
176
Q

What is the relationship between wavelength and colour perception?

A

Colour perception is related to the wavelength of light:

  • 400-450nm appears violet
  • 450-490nm appears blue
  • 500-575nm appears green
  • 575-590nm appears yellow
  • 590-620nm appears orange
  • 620-700nm appears red
177
Q

True or False:

Achromatic colours contain no hues

A

True

178
Q

Who proposed the trichromatic theory of colour vision?

A

Yound and Helmholtz

179
Q

How many primaries would dichromats use in colour matching tasks?

A

Two

180
Q

What is the physciological evidence for the trichromatic theory?

A
  • Researchers measured absorption spectra of visual pigments in receptors (1960s)
    • They found pigments that responded maximally to:
      • Short wavelengths (419nm)
      • Medium wavelengths (534nm)
      • Long wavelengths (564nm)
  • Later researchers found genetic differences for coding proteins for the three pigments (1980s)
181
Q

Colour matching experiments show that colours that are perceptually similar (______________) can be caused by different physical wavelengths

A

Colour matching experiments show that colours that are perceptually similar (metamers) can be caused by different physical wavelengths

182
Q

Are three receptor mechanisms necessary for colour perception?

A
  • One receptor type cannot lead to colour vision because:
    • Absorption of a photon causes the same effect, no matter what the wavelength is
    • Any two wavelengths can cause the same response by changing the intensity
  • Two receptor types (dischromats) solve this problem but three types (trichromats) allow for perception of more colours
183
Q

True or False:

Monochromats have rods and cones

A

False

Monochromats only have rods

184
Q

What are the three types of dichromatism?

A

Protanopia

Deuteranopia

Tritaniopia

185
Q

What is the behavioural evidence for the opponent-process theory of colour vision?

A
  • Types of colour blindness are red/green and blue/yellow
  • Colour afterimages and simultaneous colour contrast show the opposite pairings
186
Q

What is the physiology of opponent-process theory?

A

Researchers performing single-cells recordings found opponent neurons

  • Opponent neurons:
    • Are located in the retina and LGN
    • Respond in an excitatiry manner to one end of the spectrum and an inhibitory manner to the other
187
Q

Draw a diagram demonstrating how the trichromatic and opponent-process theories work together

A
188
Q

What are the possible causes of colour constancy?

A
  • Chromatic adaptation - prolonged exposure to chromatic colour leads to receptors:
    • “Adapting” when the stimulus colour selectively bleaches a specific cone pigment
    • Decreasing in sensitivity to the colour
  • Adaptation occurs to light sources leading to colour constancy

PSY3051 (11 decks)

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