Introduction and Visual Processing Flashcards
1
Q
Definition
a form of remembering characterized by a feeling of familiarity when something previously experienced is again encountered
A
Recognition
2
Q
Definition
what takes place when many sensors in the body convert physical signals from the environment into encoded neural signals sent to the central nervous system
A
Transduction
3
Q
Definition
any physical object or event in the external world that reflects light
A
Distal stimulus
4
Q
Definition
The surround of a receptive field that when stimulated causes an excitation response
A
Excitatory-surround
5
Q
Definition
a layered, multi-sensory structure. Its upper layer receives visual signals from the retina of the eye, while the lower layers process multiple signals from various other parts of the brain
A
Superior colliculus
6
Q
Definition
a graph of the relationship between orientation an neuron firing which is determined by measuring the responses of a simple cortical cell to bars with different orientations
A
Orientation tuning curve
7
Q
Definition
each of the paired lobes of the brain lying beneath the temples, including areas concerned with the understanding of speech
A
Temporal lobe
8
Q
True or False:
Receptive fields overlap
A
True
Receptive fields overlap and provide accurate location information
9
Q
Define
Cones
A
A type of specialized light-sensitive cell (photoreceptor) in the retina of the eye that provides color vision and sharp central vision
10
Q
Definition
the tendency to give a diminished response when faced with sustained stimuli
A
Selective adaptation
11
Q
On average, how many cones converge to each ganglion cell?
A
6 cones to 1 ganglion cell
1:1 in the fovea
12
Q
Define
Retina
A
a layer at the back of the eyeball containing cells that are sensitive to light and that trigger nerve impulses that pass via the optic nerve to the brain, where a visual image is formed
13
Q
Define
Sensation
A
the process that allows our brains to take in information via our five senses, which can then be experienced and interpreted by the brain
14
Q
Define
Axon
A
the long threadlike part of a nerve cell along which impulses are conducted from the cell body to other cells.
15
Q
Definition
refers to antagonistic interactions between center and surround regions of the receptive fields of photoreceptor cells in the retina. It enables edge detection and contrast enhancement within the visual cortex
A
Centre-surround antagonism
16
Q
Define
Phenomenological method
A
aims to describe, understand and interpret the meanings of experiences of human life. It focuses on research questions such as what it is like to experience a particular situation
17
Q
Define
Method of adjustment
A
a method of testing perception where the observer or the researcher continuously adjusts the stimulus until they can or cannot perceive it
18
Q
Definition
individual neurons—or groups of neurons—in the brain which code for perceptually significant stimuli
A
Feature detectors
19
Q
Definition
an optical illusion characterized by “ghostlike” grey blobs perceived at the intersections of a white (or light-colored) grid on a black background
A
Hermann grid
20
Q
Definition
the first stage of cortical processing of visual information. It contains a complete map of the visual field covered by the eyes
A
Area V1
21
Q
Definition
a type of neuron which has two extensions (one axon and one dendrite)and are specialized sensory neurons for the transmission of sense
A
Bipolar cells
22
Q
Definition
either of the paired lobes of the brain at the top of the head, including areas concerned with the reception and correlation of sensory information.
A
Parietal lobe
23
Q
Define
Method of limits
A
a psychophysical procedure for determining the sensory threshold by gradually increasing or decreasing the magnitude of the stimulus presented in discrete steps
24
Q
Definition
a layer at the back of the eyeball containing cells that are sensitive to light and that trigger nerve impulses that pass via the optic nerve to the brain, where a visual image is formed
A
Retina
25
# Definition
a type of information processing that occurs in nervous systems and can be thought of as four separate yet related phenomena
Sensory coding
26
# Define
Response expansion
As intensity increases, the perceived magnitude increases more quickly than the intensity
27
# Define
Staircase illusion
a two-dimensional depiction of a staircase in which the stairs make four 90-degree turns as they ascend or descend yet form a continuous loop, so that a person could climb them forever and never get any higher
28
# Define
Feature detectors
individual neurons—or groups of neurons—in the brain which code for perceptually significant stimuli
29
# Definition
a period immediately following stimulation during which a nerve or muscle is unresponsive to further stimulation
Refractory period
30
# Define
Primary receiving area
the primary cortical regions of the five sensory systems in the brain (taste, olfaction, touch, hearing and vision)
31
# Define
Stimulus-perception relationship
the first stimulus relationship which relates stimuli to behavioural responses. This was the main relationship measured during the first 100 years of the scientific study of perception.
32
# Definition
a self-initiated sequence of movements, usually with respect to some goal
Action
33
# Definition
a mental and intellectual process in which objects and ideas are recognized, understood, compared to and differentiated from one another
Categorise
34
What are the three stages that perceptual processes can be observed?
Psychophysical approach (PP)
Physiological approach (PH1)
Physiological approach (PH2)
35
# Define
Perception
the ability to see, hear, or become aware of something through the senses
36
# Definition
An area of a receptive field that when stimulated causes an excitation response
Excitatory area
37
# Define
Hyperpolarisation
movement of a cell's membrane potential to a more negative value
38
# Define
Physiological approach
suggests that our physiological make-up influences our behaviour, as the functioning of different areas of the brain relate to behaviour and experience
39
# Define
Bipolar cells
a type of neuron which has two extensions (one axon and one dendrite)and are specialized sensory neurons for the transmission of sense
40
# Define
Sparse coding
the study of algorithms which aim to learn a useful sparse representation of any given data
41
# Definition
the light-absorbing molecules that mediate vision. They consist of an apoprotein, opsin, covalently linked to the chromophore cis-retinal
Visual pigment
42
# Definition
A type of specialized light-sensitive cell (photoreceptor) in the retina of the eye that provides side vision and the ability to see objects in dim light (night vision)
Rods
43
# Define
Inhibitory response
a kind of synaptic potential that makes a postsynaptic neuron less likely to generate an action potential
44
# Definition
a psychophysical method in which participants judge and assign numerical estimates to the perceived strength of a stimulus
Magnitude estimation
45
# Define
Complex cells
neurons in V1 that respond optimally to a stimulus with a particular orientation. But, unlike simple cells, they respond to a variety of stimuli across different locations
46
What type of neural circuit does this graph depict?
A circuit with convergence and lateral inhibition
47
# Define
Area V1
the first stage of cortical processing of visual information. It contains a complete map of the visual field covered by the eyes
48
# Definition
stimuli and responses created by stimuli are transformed, or changed, between the distal stimulus and perception
Principle of transformation
49
What are the three ways to test absolute threshold?
Method of limits
Method of adjustment
Method of constant stimuli
50
# Definition
describes the ability of a neuron to receive input from many neurons in a network
Neural convergence
51
# Definition
a well-known 19th century brightness illusion, comprising adjacent homogeneous grey bands of different luminance, which are perceived as inhomogeneous
Chevreul illusion
52
# Definition
one of the elements corresponding to a small simple eye that make up the compound eye of an arthropod
Ommatidia
53
# Definition
the outer layer of the cerebrum (the cerebral cortex ), composed of folded gray matter and playing an important role in consciousness.
Cerebral cortex
54
# Definition
the continuing process of the creation and organization of neuron connections that occurs as a result of a person's life experiences
Experience-dependent plasticity
55
# Define
Ommatidia
one of the elements corresponding to a small simple eye that make up the compound eye of an arthropod
56
What is the type of perceptual processing based on the perceiver's previous knowledge?
Top-down processing
57
# Define
Neural plasticity
the capacity of the nervous system to modify itself, functionally and structurally, in response to experience and injury
58
# Definition
the capacity of an excited neuron to reduce the activity of its neighbors
Lateral inhibition
59
# Definition
the pattern of energy impinging on the observer's sensory receptors
Proximal stimulus
60
# Definition
As intensity increases, the perceived magnitude increases more quickly than the intensity
Response expansion
61
# Definition
The centre of a receptive field that when stimulated causes an inhibitory response
Inhibitory-centre
62
# Define
Method of constant stimuli
a method of testing perception where you always present all stimuli. This technique prevents the observer from being able to predict or anticipate what the next stimulus will be
63
# Definition
the minimum amount of stimulation required to trigger a reaction or produce a sensation
Absolute threshold
64
# Define
Physiological-perception relationship
relates physiological responses and behavioural responses
65
What law describes the difference threshold for sensation?
Weber's Law
66
# Define
Contrast threshold
the minimum contrast that can be resolved by the patient
67
# Definition
aims to describe, understand and interpret the meanings of experiences of human life. It focuses on research questions such as what it is like to experience a particular situation
Phenomenological method
68
# Definition
the minimum contrast that can be resolved by the patient
Contrast threshold
69
# Define
Hermann grid
an optical illusion characterized by "ghostlike" grey blobs perceived at the intersections of a white (or light-colored) grid on a black background
70
# Define
Action
a self-initiated sequence of movements, usually with respect to some goal
71
# Definition
The centre of a receptive field that when stimulated causes an excitation response
Excitatory-centre
72
# Definition
a kind of synaptic potential that makes a postsynaptic neuron less likely to generate an action potential
Inhibitory response
73
# Define
Depolarisation
loss of polarization
74
# Definition
the tools for measuring perception and performance. These tools are used to reveal basic perceptual processes, to assess observer performance, and to specify the required characteristics of a display
Classical psychophysical methods
75
# Definition
the imbalance of electrical charge that exists between the interior of electrically excitable neurons (nerve cells) and their surroundings
Resting potential
76
# Definition
an electrically excitable cell that communicates with other cells via specialized connections called synapses
Neurons
77
# Define
Inhibitory-centre
The centre of a receptive field that when stimulated causes an inhibitory response
78
What is the method of constant stimuli?
79
# Define
Receptor sites
A molecular site or the docking port on the surface of, or within, a cell, usually involving proteins that are capable of recognizing and binding with specific molecules
80
# Define
Magnitude estimation
a psychophysical method in which participants judge and assign numerical estimates to the perceived strength of a stimulus
81
# Definition
the aspect of visual acuity involving the ability to distinguish the elements of a fine grating composed of alternating dark and light stripes or squares
Grating acuity
82
# Definition
the process that allows our brains to take in information via our five senses, which can then be experienced and interpreted by the brain
Sensation
83
# Definition
the rearmost lobe in each cerebral hemisphere of the brain
Occipital lobe
84
# Define
Oblique effect
the name given to the relative deficiency in perceptual performance for oblique contours as compared to the performance for horizontal or vertical contours
85
What is the method of adjustment?
* Stimulus intensity is adjusted continuously until observer detects it
* Repeated trials averaged for threshold
86
# Define
Rat-man demonstration
The demonstration in which presentation of a "ratlike" or "manlike" picture influences an observer's perception of a second picture, which can be interpreted either as a rat or a man
87
# Definition
loss of polarization
Depolarisation
88
# Definition
relates physiological responses and behavioural responses
Physiological-perception relationship
89
# Definition
a relay center in the thalamus for the visual pathway. It receives a major sensory input from the retina
Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)
90
# Definition
the part of the visual cortex that is involved in processing visual information. It is the first cortical visual area that receives input from the lateral geniculate nucleus in the thalamus
Striate cortex
91
# Define
Contextual modulation
the influence of a surround pattern on either the perception of, or the neural responses to, a target pattern
92
# Definition
a cell that responds primarily to oriented edges and gratings (bars of particular orientations). These cells were discovered by Torsten Wiesel and David Hubel in the late 1950s
Simple cortical cell
93
# Define
Sensory coding
a type of information processing that occurs in nervous systems and can be thought of as four separate yet related phenomena
94
True or False
Perception can be both conscious and unconscious
True
Perception is largely unconscious but, at times conscious effort is needed to interpret sensory data
95
# Define
Cerebral cortex
the outer layer of the cerebrum (the cerebral cortex ), composed of folded gray matter and playing an important role in consciousness.
96
# Definition
An area of a receptive field that when stimulated causes an inhibitory response
Inhibitory area
97
# Definition
the capacity of the nervous system to modify itself, functionally and structurally, in response to experience and injury
Neural plasticity
98
# Define
Psychophysics
the branch of psychology that deals with the relationships between physical stimuli and mental phenomena
99
# Define
Neurotransmitters
a chemical substance that is released at the end of a nerve fiber by the arrival of a nerve impulse and, by diffusing across the synapse or junction, causes the transfer of the impulse to another nerve fiber, a muscle fiber, or some other structure
100
Describe the magnitude estimation for brightness and electric shock
101
# Define
Centre-surround organisation
a type of neural organisation that allows ganglion cells to transmit information not merely about whether photoreceptor cells are exposed to light, but also about the differences in firing rates of cells in the center and surround
102
# Definition
the second stimulus relationship which depicts the relationship between stimuli and physiological responses
Stimulus-physiology relationship
103
# Define
Recognition
a form of remembering characterized by a feeling of familiarity when something previously experienced is again encountered
104
Why is the difference threshold for electric shock smaller than for light intensity?
A small change in electric shock (pain) can cause a drastic change in injury whereas something like light intensity is less important
105
# Define
Principle of representation
everything a person perceives is based not on direct contact with stimuli but on representations of stimuli that are formed on the receptors and the resulting activity in the person's nervous system
106
# Definition
everything a person perceives is based not on direct contact with stimuli but on representations of stimuli that are formed on the receptors and the resulting activity in the person's nervous system
Principle of representation
107
# Define
End-stopped cell
a type of visual processing neuron in the mammalian cerebral cortex. They are defined by the property of end-stopping, which is a decrease in firing strength with increasingly larger stimuli
108
# Define
Centre-surround antagonism
refers to antagonistic interactions between center and surround regions of the receptive fields of photoreceptor cells in the retina. It enables edge detection and contrast enhancement within the visual cortex
109
# Definition
The demonstration in which presentation of a "ratlike" or "manlike" picture influences an observer's perception of a second picture, which can be interpreted either as a rat or a man
Rat-man demonstration
110
# Definition
Experiential paradigm wherein an organism is brought up from arrival or from the time that the eyes open under circumstances that limit its optical experience
Selective rearing
111
What is the output of a centre-surround receptive field for each of these situations?
## Footnote
Excitatory area is stimulated:
Inhibitory area is stimulated:
Both areas are stimulated:
112
# Define
Excitatory area
An area of a receptive field that when stimulated causes an excitation response
113
# Define
Reaction time
the amount of time it takes to respond to a stimulus
114
# Definition
inhibitory neurons, and they project their dendritic arbors onto the inner plexiform layer (IPL), they interact with retinal ganglion cells and/or bipolar cells
Amacrine cells
115
What is the type of perceptual processing based on incoming stimuli?
Bottom-up processing
116
# Definition
neurons in V1 that respond optimally to a stimulus with a particular orientation. But, unlike simple cells, they respond to a variety of stimuli across different locations
Complex cells
117
# Define
Grating acuity
the aspect of visual acuity involving the ability to distinguish the elements of a fine grating composed of alternating dark and light stripes or squares
118
# Definition
a short branched extension of a nerve cell, along which impulses received from other cells at synapses are transmitted to the cell body
Dendrites
119
# Definition
an impairment in recognition of visually presented objects
Visual form agnosia
120
# Definition
suggests that our physiological make-up influences our behaviour, as the functioning of different areas of the brain relate to behaviour and experience
Physiological approach
121
# Definition
a synapse in which an action potential in a presynaptic neuron increases the probability of an action potential occurring in a postsynaptic cell.
Excitatory synapse
122
# Definition
the primary cortical regions of the five sensory systems in the brain (taste, olfaction, touch, hearing and vision)
Primary receiving area
123
# Definition
As intensity increases, the perceived magnitude increases more slowly than the intensity
Response compression
124
# Definition
the ability to see, hear, or become aware of something through the senses
Perception
125
# Define
Absolute threshold
the minimum amount of stimulation required to trigger a reaction or produce a sensation
126
# Define
Orientation tuning curve
a graph of the relationship between orientation an neuron firing which is determined by measuring the responses of a simple cortical cell to bars with different orientations
127
# Definition
the influence of a surround pattern on either the perception of, or the neural responses to, a target pattern
Contextual modulation
128
# Definition
a chemical substance that is released at the end of a nerve fiber by the arrival of a nerve impulse and, by diffusing across the synapse or junction, causes the transfer of the impulse to another nerve fiber, a muscle fiber, or some other structure
Neurotransmitters
129
# Definition
The surround of a receptive field that when stimulated causes an inhibitory response
Inhibitory-surround receptive field
130
# Define
Mach bands
an optical illusion that exaggerates the contrast between edges of the slightly differing shades of gray, as soon as they contact one another, by triggering edge-detection in the human visual system
131
# Define
Transduction
what takes place when many sensors in the body convert physical signals from the environment into encoded neural signals sent to the central nervous system
132
# Define
Dendrites
a short branched extension of a nerve cell, along which impulses received from other cells at synapses are transmitted to the cell body
133
# Definition
the collection of facts, information and experience that a person has collected throughout their life and education that they are able to use and apply to new life experiences
Knowledge
134
# Define
Ganglion cells
the projection neurons of the vertebrate retina, conveying information from other retinal neurons to the rest of the brain
135
# Definition
a portion of sensory space that can elicit neuronal responses when stimulated
Receptive field
136
What does Weber's law say about difference threshold?
137
# Define
Knowledge
the collection of facts, information and experience that a person has collected throughout their life and education that they are able to use and apply to new life experiences
138
# Definition
the projection neurons of the vertebrate retina, conveying information from other retinal neurons to the rest of the brain
Ganglion cells
139
# Define
Horizontal cells
the laterally interconnecting neurons having cell bodies in the inner nuclear layer of the retina of vertebrate eyes. They help integrate and regulate the input from multiple photoreceptor cells
140
# Definition
A type of specialized light-sensitive cell (photoreceptor) in the retina of the eye that provides color vision and sharp central vision
Cones
141
# Define
Parietal lobe
either of the paired lobes of the brain at the top of the head, including areas concerned with the reception and correlation of sensory information.
142
# Define
Perceptual process
the sequence of psychological steps that a person uses to organize and interpret information from the outside world
143
# Define
Inhibitory area
An area of a receptive field that when stimulated causes an inhibitory response
144
# Definition
the range of wavelengths or frequencies over which electromagnetic radiation extends
Electromagnetic spectrum
145
# Define
Excitatory synapse
a synapse in which an action potential in a presynaptic neuron increases the probability of an action potential occurring in a postsynaptic cell.
146
On average , how many rods converge to each ganglion cell?
120 rods per ganglion cell
147
# Definition
a two-dimensional depiction of a staircase in which the stairs make four 90-degree turns as they ascend or descend yet form a continuous loop, so that a person could climb them forever and never get any higher
Staircase illusion
148
# Definition
the laterally interconnecting neurons having cell bodies in the inner nuclear layer of the retina of vertebrate eyes. They help integrate and regulate the input from multiple photoreceptor cells
Horizontal cells
149
# Define
Classical psychophysical methods
the tools for measuring perception and performance. These tools are used to reveal basic perceptual processes, to assess observer performance, and to specify the required characteristics of a display
150
What are the two interacting aspects of perception?
Bottom-up processing
Top-down processing
151
What is the method of limits?
* Stimuli of different intensities presented in ascending and decending order
* Observer responds to whether she perceived the stimulus
* Cross-over point is the threshold
152
What process in the brain allows us to see edges?
Lateral inhibition
153
# Define
Sensory receptors
a structure that reacts to a physical stimulus in the environment, whether internal or external
154
# Definition
a method of testing perception where the observer or the researcher continuously adjusts the stimulus until they can or cannot perceive it
Method of adjustment
155
# Define
Neurons
an electrically excitable cell that communicates with other cells via specialized connections called synapses
156
# Define
Synapse
a junction between two nerve cells, consisting of a minute gap across which impulses pass by diffusion of a neurotransmitter
157
# Define
Neural circuits
a population of neurons interconnected by synapses to carry out a specific function when activated
158
# Define
Occipital lobe
the rearmost lobe in each cerebral hemisphere of the brain
159
# Definition
the sequence of psychological steps that a person uses to organize and interpret information from the outside world
Perceptual process
160
# Definition
arise from a pool of photoreceptors On-center and off-center fields in retinal bipolar and ganglion cells form by pooling the response of groups of photoreceptors
Centre-surround receptive fields
161
# Definition
a psychophysical procedure for determining the sensory threshold by gradually increasing or decreasing the magnitude of the stimulus presented in discrete steps
Method of limits
162
# Definition
a junction between two nerve cells, consisting of a minute gap across which impulses pass by diffusion of a neurotransmitter
Synapse
163
# Define
Cell body
the spherical part of the neuron that contains the nucleus
164
# Define
Resting potential
the imbalance of electrical charge that exists between the interior of electrically excitable neurons (nerve cells) and their surroundings
165
# Define
Excitatory-centre
The centre of a receptive field that when stimulated causes an excitation response
166
# Define
Visual form agnosia
an impairment in recognition of visually presented objects
167
What three lightness perception phenomena can be explained by lateral inhibition?
The Hermann Grid
Mach Bands
Simultaneous Contrast
168
# Define
Inferotemporal (IT) cortex
cortex covering the inferior side of the temporal lobe, it is thought to be especially important to visual processing and visual object recognition.
169
# Define
Stimulus-physiology relationship
the second stimulus relationship which depicts the relationship between stimuli and physiological responses
170
# Definition
the phase of the action potential caused by an increase permeability to K+
Falling phase of the action potential
171
# Define
Psychophysical approach
the tools for measuring perception and performance. These tools are used to reveal basic perceptual processes, to assess observer performance, and to specify the required characteristics of a display
172
# Definition
an explanation for perception that involves starting with an incoming stimulus and working upwards until a representation of the object is formed in our minds
Bottom-up processing
173
# Definition
the study of algorithms which aim to learn a useful sparse representation of any given data
Sparse coding
174
# Define
Receptive field
a portion of sensory space that can elicit neuronal responses when stimulated
175
# Define
Temporal lobe
each of the paired lobes of the brain lying beneath the temples, including areas concerned with the understanding of speech
176
# Define
Excitatory-surround
The surround of a receptive field that when stimulated causes an excitation response
177
# Define
Population coding
a method to represent stimuli by using the joint activities of a number of neurons. Each neuron has a distribution of responses over some set of inputs, and the responses of many neurons may be combined to determine some value about the inputs
178
# Define
Bottom-up processing
an explanation for perception that involves starting with an incoming stimulus and working upwards until a representation of the object is formed in our minds
179
# Define
Chevreul illusion
a well-known 19th century brightness illusion, comprising adjacent homogeneous grey bands of different luminance, which are perceived as inhomogeneous
180
# Define
Inhibitory-surround receptive field
The surround of a receptive field that when stimulated causes an inhibitory response
181
# Definition
a type of neural organisation that allows ganglion cells to transmit information not merely about whether photoreceptor cells are exposed to light, but also about the differences in firing rates of cells in the center and surround
Centre-surround organisation
182
# Definition
the idea that an object could be represented by the firing of a specialised neuron that responds only to that object
Specificity coding
183
# Definition
how our brains make use of information that has already been brought into the brain by one or more of the sensory systems
Top-down processing
184
# Define
Response compression
As intensity increases, the perceived magnitude increases more slowly than the intensity
185
# Definition
a method to represent stimuli by using the joint activities of a number of neurons. Each neuron has a distribution of responses over some set of inputs, and the responses of many neurons may be combined to determine some value about the inputs
Population coding
186
# Definition
describes the occipital lobe - the place where signals from the retina and LGN first reach the cortex
Visual receiving area
187
# Define
Superior colliculus
a layered, multi-sensory structure. Its upper layer receives visual signals from the retina of the eye, while the lower layers process multiple signals from various other parts of the brain
188
# Define
Top-down processing
how our brains make use of information that has already been brought into the brain by one or more of the sensory systems
189
Are rods or cones more sensitive to light? Why?
Rods are more sensitive to light than cones.
* Rods take less light to respond
* Rods have greater convergence which results in summation of the inputs of many rods into ganglion cells increasing the likelihood of response
* Trade-off is that rods cannot distinguish detail
190
# Define
Simple cortical cell
a cell that responds primarily to oriented edges and gratings (bars of particular orientations). These cells were discovered by Torsten Wiesel and David Hubel in the late 1950s
191
# Define
Action potential
the change in electrical potential associated with the passage of an impulse along the membrane of a muscle cell or nerve cell
192
# Define
Electromagnetic spectrum
the range of wavelengths or frequencies over which electromagnetic radiation extends
193
# Define
Specificity coding
the idea that an object could be represented by the firing of a specialised neuron that responds only to that object
194
# Define
Categorise
a mental and intellectual process in which objects and ideas are recognized, understood, compared to and differentiated from one another
195
# Definition
the change in electrical potential associated with the passage of an impulse along the membrane of a muscle cell or nerve cell
Action potential
196
# Definition
the amount of time it takes to respond to a stimulus
Reaction time
197
# Definition
the long threadlike part of a nerve cell along which impulses are conducted from the cell body to other cells.
Axon
198
# Define
Frontal lobe
each of the paired lobes of the brain lying immediately behind the forehead, including areas concerned with behaviour, learning, personality, and voluntary movement
199
# Define
Falling phase of the action potential
the phase of the action potential caused by an increase permeability to K+
200
# Define
Rods
A type of specialized light-sensitive cell (photoreceptor) in the retina of the eye that provides side vision and the ability to see objects in dim light (night vision)
201
# Definition
each of the paired lobes of the brain lying immediately behind the forehead, including areas concerned with behaviour, learning, personality, and voluntary movement
Frontal lobe
202
# Definition
an optical illusion that exaggerates the contrast between edges of the slightly differing shades of gray, as soon as they contact one another, by triggering edge-detection in the human visual system
Mach bands
203
# Define
Selective rearing
Experiential paradigm wherein an organism is brought up from arrival or from the time that the eyes open under circumstances that limit its optical experience
204
# Definition
A molecular site or the docking port on the surface of, or within, a cell, usually involving proteins that are capable of recognizing and binding with specific molecules
Receptor sites
205
# Definition
the spherical part of the neuron that contains the nucleus
Cell body
206
# Define
Striate cortex
the part of the visual cortex that is involved in processing visual information. It is the first cortical visual area that receives input from the lateral geniculate nucleus in the thalamus
207
# Define
Selective adaptation
the tendency to give a diminished response when faced with sustained stimuli
208
# Definition
a method of testing perception where you always present all stimuli. This technique prevents the observer from being able to predict or anticipate what the next stimulus will be
Method of constant stimuli
209
# Define
Difference threshold
the smallest amount by which two sensory stimuli can differ in order for an individual to perceive them as different
210
# Define
Distal stimulus
any physical object or event in the external world that reflects light
211
# Define
Visual receiving area
describes the occipital lobe - the place where signals from the retina and LGN first reach the cortex
212
# Definition
a structure that reacts to a physical stimulus in the environment, whether internal or external
Sensory receptors
213
# Define
Visual pigment
the light-absorbing molecules that mediate vision. They consist of an apoprotein, opsin, covalently linked to the chromophore cis-retinal
214
# Define
Neural convergence
describes the ability of a neuron to receive input from many neurons in a network
215
216
# Define
Centre-surround receptive fields
arise from a pool of photoreceptors On-center and off-center fields in retinal bipolar and ganglion cells form by pooling the response of groups of photoreceptors
217
# Define
Refractory period
a period immediately following stimulation during which a nerve or muscle is unresponsive to further stimulation
218
# Define
Principle of transformation
stimuli and responses created by stimuli are transformed, or changed, between the distal stimulus and perception
219
# Define
Lateral inhibition
the capacity of an excited neuron to reduce the activity of its neighbors
220
# Definition
cortex covering the inferior side of the temporal lobe, it is thought to be especially important to visual processing and visual object recognition.
Inferotemporal (IT) cortex
221
# Define
Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)
a relay center in the thalamus for the visual pathway. It receives a major sensory input from the retina
222
# Define
Thresholds
the change in a stimulus that is detectably different 50% of the time
223
# Definition
the smallest amount by which two sensory stimuli can differ in order for an individual to perceive them as different
Difference threshold
224
# Definition
the change in a stimulus that is detectably different 50% of the time
Thresholds
225
# Definition
a type of visual processing neuron in the mammalian cerebral cortex. They are defined by the property of end-stopping, which is a decrease in firing strength with increasingly larger stimuli
End-stopped cell
226
# Define
Experience-dependent plasticity
the continuing process of the creation and organization of neuron connections that occurs as a result of a person's life experiences
227
# Definition
the name given to the relative deficiency in perceptual performance for oblique contours as compared to the performance for horizontal or vertical contours
Oblique effect
228
# Definition
a population of neurons interconnected by synapses to carry out a specific function when activated
Neural circuits
229
# Definition
the first stimulus relationship which relates stimuli to behavioural responses. This was the main relationship measured during the first 100 years of the scientific study of perception.
Stimulus-perception relationship
230
# Define
Proximal stimulus
the pattern of energy impinging on the observer's sensory receptors
231
# Definition
the branch of psychology that deals with the relationships between physical stimuli and mental phenomena
Psychophysics
232
Why are simple circuits considered ineffecient?
233
# Definition
the tools for measuring perception and performance. These tools are used to reveal basic perceptual processes, to assess observer performance, and to specify the required characteristics of a display
Psychophysical approach
234
# Define
Amacrine cells
inhibitory neurons, and they project their dendritic arbors onto the inner plexiform layer (IPL), they interact with retinal ganglion cells and/or bipolar cells
235
# Definition
movement of a cell's membrane potential to a more negative value
Hyperpolarisation
236
# Definition
the phase of the action potential caused by an influx of Na+
Rising phase of the action potential
237
# Define
Rising phase of the action potential
the phase of the action potential caused by an influx of Na+
