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PSY3051 > Hearing: The Auditory System, Localisation, And Auditory Scene Analysis > Flashcards

Hearing: The Auditory System, Localisation, And Auditory Scene Analysis Flashcards

1
Q

Define

Acoustic shadow

A

an area through which sound waves fail to propagate, due to topographical obstructions or disruption of the waves via phenomena such as wind currents, buildings, or sound barriers

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2
Q

Define

Additive synthesis

A

process of adding harmonics to create complex sounds

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3
Q

Define

Amplitude

A

the fluctuation or displacement of a wave from its mean value

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4
Q

Define

Amplitude modulation

A

the modulation of a wave by varying its amplitude, used especially as a means of broadcasting an audio signal by combining it with a radio carrier wave

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5
Q

Define

Amplitude-modulated noise

A

the detection of modulation versus the detection of modulation rate

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6
Q

Define

Aperiodic sounds

A

sound whose pattern does not repeat itself as do those of the periodic sounds

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7
Q

Define

Attack

A

changes occurring before the sound reaches its steady-state intensity

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8
Q

Define

Audibility curve

A

the relationship between the threshold of hearing for a pure tone, expressed in decibels sound-pressure level (dB SPL), and the frequency of the tone

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9
Q

Define

Auditory canal

A

canal leading from the opening of the external ear to the eardrum

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10
Q

Define

Auditory localisation

A

describes an organism’s ability to perceive the location of the source of a sound

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11
Q

Define

Auditory

A

falls between the audibility curve and and the. threshold for feeling

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12
Q

Define

Auditory scene analysis

A

a proposed model for the basis of auditory perception. This is understood as the process by which the human auditory system organizes sound into perceptually meaningful elements

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13
Q

Define

Auditory space

A

surrounds an observer and exists wherever there is sound

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14
Q

Define

Auditory stream segragation

A

the perceptual grouping of sounds, to form coherent representations of objects in the acoustic scene, and is a fundamental aspect of hearing and speech perception

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15
Q

Define

Azimuth

A

the direction of a celestial object from the observer, expressed as the angular distance from the north or south point of the horizon to the point at which a vertical circle passing through the object intersects the horizon.

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16
Q

Define

Basilar membrane

A

a stiff structural element within the cochlea of the inner ear which separates two liquid-filled tubes that run along the coil of the cochlea, the scala media and the scala tympani.

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17
Q

Define

Bass ratio

A

ratio of low to middle frequencies reflected from surfaces

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18
Q

Define

Belt area

A

the secondary auditory cortex immediately surrounding the core

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19
Q

Define

Binaural cues

A

any difference in the sound arriving at the two ears from a given sound source (interaural difference) that acts as a cue to permit auditory localization

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20
Q

Define

Characteristic frequency

A

The frequency of a sound at which the threshold of a single fibre of an auditory nerve is lowest and to which it is therefore most responsive

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21
Q

Define

Cilia

A

the mechanosensing organelles of hair cells, which respond to fluid motion in numerous types of animals for various functions, including hearing and balance

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22
Q

Define

Cochlea

A

a spiralled, hollow, conical chamber of bone, in which waves propagate from the base (near the middle ear and the oval window) to the apex (the top or center of the spiral)

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23
Q

Define

Cochlear amplifier

A

a positive feedback loop within the cochlea that amplifies the traveling wave

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24
Q

Define

Cochlear nucleus

A

the obligatory nucleus in which all ascending information from the cochlea forms synaptic connections with the auditory brain

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25
Q

Define

Coincidence detectors

A

the context of neurobiology is a process by which a neuron or a neural circuit can encode information by detecting the occurrence of temporally close but spatially distributed input signals

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26
Q

Define

Condensation

A

part of a sound wave where the density is higher than normal

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27
Q

Define

Decay

A

rate at which the music fades to silence

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28
Q

Define

Direct sound

A

sound that reaches the listener’s ears straight from the source

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29
Q

Define

Effect of the missing fundamental

A

Removal of the first harmonic in a sound with the same perceived pitch, but with a different timbre

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30
Q

Define

Event related potential

A

the measured brain response that is the direct result of a specific sensory, cognitive, or motor event

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31
Q

Define

First harmonic

A

another term for the fundamental frequency which sets the repetition rate

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32
Q

Define

Frequency

A

the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit of time

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33
Q

Define

Frequency spectrum

A

display of harmonics of a complex sound

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34
Q

Define

Fundamental

A

the lowest frequency of a periodic waveform

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35
Q

Define

Fundamental frequency

A

the lowest frequency which is produced by the oscillation of the whole of an object, as distinct from the harmonics of higher frequency

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36
Q

Define

Hair cells

A

the sensory receptors of both the auditory system and the vestibular system in the ears of all vertebrates, and in the lateral line organ of fishes

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37
Q

Define

Harmonic

A

a signal or wave whose frequency is an integral (whole-number) multiple of the frequency of some reference signal or wave

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38
Q

Define

Hertz (Hz)

A

the derived unit of frequency in the International System of Units (SI) and is defined as one cycle per second

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39
Q

Define

Incus

A

a bone in the middle ear. The anvil-shaped small bone is one of three ossicles in the middle ear

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40
Q

Define

Indirect sound

A

sound that is reflected off of environmental surfaces and then to the listener

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41
Q

Define

Inferior colliculus

A

the principal midbrain nucleus of the auditory pathway and receives input from several peripheral brainstem nuclei in the auditory pathway, as well as inputs from the auditory cortex

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42
Q

Define

Inner hair cells

A

the sensory cells of the cochlea, are responsible for signal transduction

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43
Q

Define

Interaural level difference (ILD)

A

the difference in loudness and frequency distribution between the two ears

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44
Q

Define

Interaural time difference (ITD)

A

the difference in arrival time of a sound between two ears

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45
Q

Define

Intimacy time

A

time between when sound leaves its source and when the first reflection arrives

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46
Q

Define

Jeffress model

A

a neurocomputational model that explains how auditory systems can register and analyze small differences in the arrival time of sounds at the two ears in order to estimate the direction of sound sources in the azimuthal plane.

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47
Q

Define

Loudness

A

the subjective perception of sound pressure

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48
Q

Define

Malleus

A

a hammer-shaped small bone or ossicle of the middle ear which connects with the incus and is attached to the inner surface of the eardrum

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49
Q

Define

Medial geniculate nucleus

A

part of the auditory thalamus and represents the thalamic relay between the inferior colliculus (IC) and the auditory cortex (AC).

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50
Q

Define

Melody

A

a sequence of single notes that is musically satisfying; a tune.

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51
Q

Define

Middle ear

A

the portion of the ear internal to the eardrum, and external to the oval window of the inner ear

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52
Q

Define

Middle ear muscles

A

two muscles which serve a protective function in the middle ear; the tensor tympani and stapedius

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53
Q

Define

Monaural cue

A

relies on sounds reaching a single ear to constrain the set of possible sound sources

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54
Q

Define

Octave

A

the interval between one musical pitch and another with double its frequency

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55
Q

Define

Onset time

A

sounds that start at different times are likely to come from different sources

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56
Q

Define

Organ of Corti

A

the receptor organ for hearing and is located in the mammalian cochlea. This highly varied strip of epithelial cells allows for transduction of auditory signals into nerve impulses’ action potential.

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57
Q

Define

Ossicles

A

three bones in either middle ear that are among the smallest bones in the human body.

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58
Q

Define

Outer ear

A

the external portion of the ear, which consists of the auricle (also pinna) and the ear canal

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59
Q

Define

Oval window

A

a membrane-covered opening that leads from the middle ear to the vestibule of the inner ear

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60
Q

Define

Periodic sounds

A

sounds which repeats itself at regular intervals

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61
Q

Define

Periodicity pitch

A

Removal of the first harmonic in a sound with the same perceived pitch, but with a different timbre

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62
Q

Define

Phase locking

A

the mechanism by which the peripheral auditory system keeps track of the times of occurrence of the ongoing amplitude fluctuations in sounds

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63
Q

Define

Pinnae

A

the external part of the ear in humans and other mammals; the auricle

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64
Q

Define

Place theory

A

a theory of hearing that states that our perception of sound depends on where each component frequency produces vibrations along the basilar membrane

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65
Q

Define

Precedence effect

A

a binaural psychoacoustical effect. When a sound is followed by another sound separated by a sufficiently short time delay (below the listener’s echo threshold), listeners perceive a single auditory event

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66
Q

Define

Presbycusis

A

the loss of hearing that gradually occurs in most individuals as they grow older

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67
Q

Define

Primary auditory cortex (A1)

A

part of the temporal lobe that processes auditory information in humans and many other vertebrates

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68
Q

Define

Pure tone

A

a sound with a sinusoidal waveform; that is, a sine wave of any frequency, phase, and amplitude

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69
Q

Define

Rarefaction

A

reduction in the density of something, especially air or a gas

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70
Q

Define

Resolved harmonics

A

lower harmonics that are separated out in the cochlea (i.e., they excite distinct places on the basilar membrane)

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71
Q

Define

Resonance

A

the phenomena of amplification that occurs when the frequency of a periodically applied force is in harmonic proportion to a natural frequency of the system on which it acts

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72
Q

Define

Resonant frequency

A

a natural frequency of vibration determined by the physical parameters of the vibrating object

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73
Q

Define

Reverberation time

A

the time it takes sound to decrease by 1/1000th of its original pressure

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74
Q

Define

Scale illusion

A

an auditory illusion in which principles of grouping by frequency, proximity, and spatial location are put into conflict and in which frequency proximity wins out

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75
Q

Define

Sound

A

vibrations that travel through the air or another medium and can be heard when they reach a person’s or animal’s ear.

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76
Q

Define

Sound pressure level (SPL)

A

the pressure level of a sound, measured in decibels (dB)

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77
Q

Define

Sound wave

A

a wave of compression and rarefaction, by which sound is propagated in an elastic medium such as air.

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78
Q

Define

Spaciousness factor

A

fraction of all the sound received by listener that is indirect

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79
Q

Define

Stapes

A

a small stirrup-shaped bone in the middle ear, transmitting vibrations from the incus to the inner ear.

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80
Q

Define

Subcortical structures

A

a group of diverse neural formations deep within the brain which include the diencephalon, pituitary gland, limbic structures and the basal ganglia.

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81
Q

Define

Superior olivary nucleus

A

a group of nuclei located in the brainstem near the junction of the pons and medulla. It is the first auditory relay after the cochlear nucleus on the way to the auditory cortex and is the major point at which information from the two ears is integrated.

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82
Q

Define

Tectorial membrane

A

an extracellular connective tissue that covers the mechanically-sensitive hair bundles of the sensory receptor cells in the inner ear.

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83
Q

Define

Temporal coding

A

a type of neural coding which relies on precise timing of action potentials or inter-spike intervals

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84
Q

Define

Timbre

A

the character or quality of a musical sound or voice as distinct from its pitch and intensity.

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85
Q

Define

Tip links

A

extracellular filaments that connect stereocilia to each other or to the kinocilium in the hair cells of the inner ear

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86
Q

Define

Tonality

A

the arrangement of pitches and/or chords of a musical work in a hierarchy of perceived relations, stabilities, attractions and directionality

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87
Q

Define

Tone height

A

perceptual experience of increasing pitch as tone’s frequency (wavelength increases)

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88
Q

Define

Tympanic membrane

A

a membrane forming part of the organ of hearing, which vibrates in response to sound waves. In humans and other higher vertebrates it forms the eardrum, between the outer and middle ear.

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89
Q

Definition

an area through which sound waves fail to propagate, due to topographical obstructions or disruption of the waves via phenomena such as wind currents, buildings, or sound barriers

A

Acoustic shadow

90
Q

Definition

process of adding harmonics to create complex sounds

A

Additive synthesis

91
Q

Definition

the fluctuation or displacement of a wave from its mean value

A

Amplitude

92
Q

Definition

the modulation of a wave by varying its amplitude, used especially as a means of broadcasting an audio signal by combining it with a radio carrier wave

A

Amplitude modulation

93
Q

Definition

the detection of modulation versus the detection of modulation rate

A

Amplitude-modulated noise

94
Q

Definition

sound whose pattern does not repeat itself as do those of the periodic sounds

A

Aperiodic sounds

95
Q

Definition

changes occurring before the sound reaches its steady-state intensity

A

Attack

96
Q

Definition

the relationship between the threshold of hearing for a pure tone, expressed in decibels sound-pressure level (dB SPL), and the frequency of the tone

A

Audibility curve

97
Q

Definition

canal leading from the opening of the external ear to the eardrum

A

Auditory canal

98
Q

Definition

describes an organism’s ability to perceive the location of the source of a sound

A

Auditory localisation

99
Q

Definition

falls between the audibility curve and and the. threshold for feeling

A

Auditory

100
Q

Definition

a proposed model for the basis of auditory perception. This is understood as the process by which the human auditory system organizes sound into perceptually meaningful elements

A

Auditory scene analysis

101
Q

Definition

surrounds an observer and exists wherever there is sound

A

Auditory space

102
Q

Definition

the perceptual grouping of sounds, to form coherent representations of objects in the acoustic scene, and is a fundamental aspect of hearing and speech perception

A

Auditory stream segragation

103
Q

Definition

the direction of a celestial object from the observer, expressed as the angular distance from the north or south point of the horizon to the point at which a vertical circle passing through the object intersects the horizon.

A

Azimuth

104
Q

Definition

a stiff structural element within the cochlea of the inner ear which separates two liquid-filled tubes that run along the coil of the cochlea, the scala media and the scala tympani.

A

Basilar membrane

105
Q

Definition

ratio of low to middle frequencies reflected from surfaces

A

Bass ratio

106
Q

Definition

the secondary auditory cortex immediately surrounding the core

A

Belt area

107
Q

Definition

any difference in the sound arriving at the two ears from a given sound source (interaural difference) that acts as a cue to permit auditory localization

A

Binaural cues

108
Q

Definition

The frequency of a sound at which the threshold of a single fibre of an auditory nerve is lowest and to which it is therefore most responsive

A

Characteristic frequency

109
Q

Definition

the mechanosensing organelles of hair cells, which respond to fluid motion in numerous types of animals for various functions, including hearing and balance

A

Cilia

110
Q

Definition

a spiralled, hollow, conical chamber of bone, in which waves propagate from the base (near the middle ear and the oval window) to the apex (the top or center of the spiral)

A

Cochlea

111
Q

Definition

a positive feedback loop within the cochlea that amplifies the traveling wave

A

Cochlear amplifier

112
Q

Definition

the obligatory nucleus in which all ascending information from the cochlea forms synaptic connections with the auditory brain

A

Cochlear nucleus

113
Q

Definition

the context of neurobiology is a process by which a neuron or a neural circuit can encode information by detecting the occurrence of temporally close but spatially distributed input signals

A

Coincidence detectors

114
Q

Definition

part of a sound wave where the density is higher than normal

A

Condensation

115
Q

Definition

rate at which the music fades to silence

A

Decay

116
Q

Definition

sound that reaches the listener’s ears straight from the source

A

Direct sound

117
Q

Definition

Removal of the first harmonic in a sound with the same perceived pitch, but with a different timbre

A

Effect of the missing fundamental

118
Q

Definition

the measured brain response that is the direct result of a specific sensory, cognitive, or motor event

A

Event related potential

119
Q

Definition

another term for the fundamental frequency which sets the repetition rate

A

First harmonic

120
Q

Definition

the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit of time

A

Frequency

121
Q

Definition

display of harmonics of a complex sound

A

Frequency spectrum

122
Q

Definition

the lowest frequency of a periodic waveform

A

Fundamental

123
Q

Definition

the lowest frequency which is produced by the oscillation of the whole of an object, as distinct from the harmonics of higher frequency

A

Fundamental frequency

124
Q

Definition

the sensory receptors of both the auditory system and the vestibular system in the ears of all vertebrates, and in the lateral line organ of fishes

A

Hair cells

125
Q

Definition

a signal or wave whose frequency is an integral (whole-number) multiple of the frequency of some reference signal or wave

A

Harmonic

126
Q

Definition

the derived unit of frequency in the International System of Units (SI) and is defined as one cycle per second

A

Hertz (Hz)

127
Q

Definition

a bone in the middle ear. The anvil-shaped small bone is one of three ossicles in the middle ear

A

Incus

128
Q

Definition

sound that is reflected off of environmental surfaces and then to the listener

A

Indirect sound

129
Q

Definition

the principal midbrain nucleus of the auditory pathway and receives input from several peripheral brainstem nuclei in the auditory pathway, as well as inputs from the auditory cortex

A

Inferior colliculus

130
Q

Definition

the sensory cells of the cochlea, are responsible for signal transduction

A

Inner hair cells

131
Q

Definition

the difference in loudness and frequency distribution between the two ears

A

Interaural level difference (ILD)

132
Q

Definition

the difference in arrival time of a sound between two ears

A

Interaural time difference (ITD)

133
Q

Definition

time between when sound leaves its source and when the first reflection arrives

A

Intimacy time

134
Q

Definition

a neurocomputational model that explains how auditory systems can register and analyze small differences in the arrival time of sounds at the two ears in order to estimate the direction of sound sources in the azimuthal plane.

A

Jeffress model

135
Q

Definition

the subjective perception of sound pressure

A

Loudness

136
Q

Definition

a hammer-shaped small bone or ossicle of the middle ear which connects with the incus and is attached to the inner surface of the eardrum

A

Malleus

137
Q

Definition

part of the auditory thalamus and represents the thalamic relay between the inferior colliculus (IC) and the auditory cortex (AC).

A

Medial geniculate nucleus

138
Q

Definition

a sequence of single notes that is musically satisfying; a tune.

A

Melody

139
Q

Definition

the portion of the ear internal to the eardrum, and external to the oval window of the inner ear

A

Middle ear

140
Q

Definition

two muscles which serve a protective function in the middle ear; the tensor tympani and stapedius

A

Middle ear muscles

141
Q

Definition

relies on sounds reaching a single ear to constrain the set of possible sound sources

A

Monaural cue

142
Q

Definition

the interval between one musical pitch and another with double its frequency

A

Octave

143
Q

Definition

sounds that start at different times are likely to come from different sources

A

Onset time

144
Q

Definition

the receptor organ for hearing and is located in the mammalian cochlea. This highly varied strip of epithelial cells allows for transduction of auditory signals into nerve impulses’ action potential.

A

Organ of Corti

145
Q

Definition

three bones in either middle ear that are among the smallest bones in the human body.

A

Ossicles

146
Q

Definition

the external portion of the ear, which consists of the auricle (also pinna) and the ear canal

A

Outer ear

147
Q

Definition

a membrane-covered opening that leads from the middle ear to the vestibule of the inner ear

A

Oval window

148
Q

Definition

sounds which repeats itself at regular intervals

A

Periodic sounds

149
Q

Definition

Removal of the first harmonic in a sound with the same perceived pitch, but with a different timbre

A

Periodicity pitch

150
Q

Definition

the mechanism by which the peripheral auditory system keeps track of the times of occurrence of the ongoing amplitude fluctuations in sounds

A

Phase locking

151
Q

Definition

the external part of the ear in humans and other mammals; the auricle

A

Pinnae

152
Q

Definition

a theory of hearing that states that our perception of sound depends on where each component frequency produces vibrations along the basilar membrane

A

Place theory

153
Q

Definition

a binaural psychoacoustical effect. When a sound is followed by another sound separated by a sufficiently short time delay (below the listener’s echo threshold), listeners perceive a single auditory event

A

Precedence effect

154
Q

Definition

the loss of hearing that gradually occurs in most individuals as they grow older

A

Presbycusis

155
Q

Definition

part of the temporal lobe that processes auditory information in humans and many other vertebrates

A

Primary auditory cortex (A1)

156
Q

Definition

a sound with a sinusoidal waveform; that is, a sine wave of any frequency, phase, and amplitude

A

Pure tone

157
Q

Definition

reduction in the density of something, especially air or a gas

A

Rarefaction

158
Q

Definition

lower harmonics that are separated out in the cochlea (i.e., they excite distinct places on the basilar membrane)

A

Resolved harmonics

159
Q

Definition

the phenomena of amplification that occurs when the frequency of a periodically applied force is in harmonic proportion to a natural frequency of the system on which it acts

A

Resonance

160
Q

Definition

a natural frequency of vibration determined by the physical parameters of the vibrating object

A

Resonant frequency

161
Q

Definition

the time it takes sound to decrease by 1/1000th of its original pressure

A

Reverberation time

162
Q

Definition

an auditory illusion in which principles of grouping by frequency, proximity, and spatial location are put into conflict and in which frequency proximity wins out

A

Scale illusion

163
Q

Definition

vibrations that travel through the air or another medium and can be heard when they reach a person’s or animal’s ear.

A

Sound

164
Q

Definition

the pressure level of a sound, measured in decibels (dB)

A

Sound pressure level (SPL)

165
Q

Definition

a wave of compression and rarefaction, by which sound is propagated in an elastic medium such as air.

A

Sound wave

166
Q

Definition

fraction of all the sound received by listener that is indirect

A

Spaciousness factor

167
Q

Definition

a small stirrup-shaped bone in the middle ear, transmitting vibrations from the incus to the inner ear.

A

Stapes

168
Q

Definition

a group of diverse neural formations deep within the brain which include the diencephalon, pituitary gland, limbic structures and the basal ganglia.

A

Subcortical structures

169
Q

Definition

a group of nuclei located in the brainstem near the junction of the pons and medulla. It is the first auditory relay after the cochlear nucleus on the way to the auditory cortex and is the major point at which information from the two ears is integrated.

A

Superior olivary nucleus

170
Q

Definition

an extracellular connective tissue that covers the mechanically-sensitive hair bundles of the sensory receptor cells in the inner ear.

A

Tectorial membrane

171
Q

Definition

a type of neural coding which relies on precise timing of action potentials or inter-spike intervals

A

Temporal coding

172
Q

Definition

the character or quality of a musical sound or voice as distinct from its pitch and intensity.

A

Timbre

173
Q

Definition

extracellular filaments that connect stereocilia to each other or to the kinocilium in the hair cells of the inner ear

A

Tip links

174
Q

Definition

the arrangement of pitches and/or chords of a musical work in a hierarchy of perceived relations, stabilities, attractions and directionality

A

Tonality

175
Q

Definition

perceptual experience of increasing pitch as tone’s frequency (wavelength increases)

A

Tone height

176
Q

Definition

a membrane forming part of the organ of hearing, which vibrates in response to sound waves. In humans and other higher vertebrates it forms the eardrum, between the outer and middle ear.

A

Tympanic membrane

177
Q

What are the two different definitions of sound?

A
  1. Physical definition: sound is created by pressure changes in the air or other medium
  2. Perceptual definition: sound is the experience we have when we hear
178
Q

How do loud speakers produce sound?

A
  • The diaphragm of the speaker moves out, pushing air molecules together called condensation.
  • The diaphragm also moves in, pulling the air molecules apart called rarefaction.
  • The cycle of this process creates alternating high- and low-pressure regions that travel through the air.
179
Q

What is the term used to describe our perception of sound amplitude?

A

Loudness

180
Q

What unit is loudness measured in?

A

Decibels (dB)

181
Q

The higher the amplitude, the ________ the loudness

A

The higher the amplitude, the higher the loudness

182
Q

What unit is frequency measured in?

A

Hertz (Hz)

183
Q

What is the term used to describe our perception of frequency?

A

Pitch

184
Q

What is tone height?

A

Tone height is the increase in pitch that happens when frequency is increased.

185
Q

____________ is the repetition rate and is called the first harmonic

A

Fundamental frequency is the repetition rate and is called the first harmonic

186
Q

___________ - process of adding harmonics to create complex sounds

____________ - display of harmonics of a complex sound

_____________ - buildup of sound at the beginning of a tone

___________ - decrease in sound at end of tone

__________ - basically a function of frequency; the perceived pitch of complex sound is determined by the fundamental frequency

A

Additive synthesis - process of adding harmonics to create complex sounds

Frequency spectrum - display of harmonics of a complex sound

Attack of tones - buildup of sound at the beginning of a tone

Decay of tones - decrease in sound at end of tone

Pitch - basically a function of frequency; the perceived pitch of complex sound is determined by the fundamental frequency

187
Q

What does timbre reflect?

A

The number and magnitude of harmonics

188
Q

Why do different musical instruments playing the same chord sound different?

A

Timbre - even though the fundamental frequency is the same, the higher order harmonics differ

189
Q

What happens when you remove the first harmonic of a complex periodic sound?

A

Removal of the first harmonic results in a sound with the same perceived pitch, but with a different timbre.

>This is called a periodicity pitch

190
Q

What is the range of human hearing?

A

20 to 20,000 Hz

191
Q

What are the names of the boundaries of the auditory response area of the auditory curve?

A

Threshold of feeling

Threshold of hearing

192
Q
A
193
Q
A
194
Q
A
195
Q

What is being shown in this diagram?

A

(a) Movement of hair cilia in one direction opens ion channels in the hair cell, which results in the release of neurotransmitter onto an auditory nerve fiber; (b) Movement in the opposite direction closes the ion channels so there is no ion flow and no transmitter release.

196
Q

What are the two ways nerves fibers signal frequency?

A
  • Which fibers are responding
    • Specific groups of hair cells on basilar membrane activate a specific set of nerve fibers;
  • How fibers are firing
    • Rate or pattern of firing of nerve impulses
197
Q

What is Bekesys’ Place Theory of Hearing? How was it determined?

A

Frequency of sound is indicated by the place on the organ of Corti that has the highest firing rate.

Békésy determined this in two ways:

  • Direct observation of the basilar membrane in cadavers.
  • Building a model of the cochlea using the physical properties of the basilar membrane.
198
Q

Which part of the cochlea receives low frequencies? Which receives high frequencies?

A

Base: High frequencies (~20,000 Hz)

Apex: Low frequencies (~20 Hz)

199
Q

How does the base of the basilar membrane differ physically to the apex?

A

Base of the membrane (by stapes) is:

  • Three to four times narrower than at the apex.
  • 100 times stiffer than at the apex.
200
Q

What is this diagram showing?

A

A perspective view showing the traveling wave motion of the basilar membrane. This picture shows what the membrane looks like when the vibration is “frozen,” with the wave about two thirds of the way down the membrane. (From Tonndorf, 1960). A tone causes different points of the membrane to move up and down (out of phase

201
Q

Envelope of the traveling wave:

  1. Indicates ________
  2. Hair cells at this point are ______
  3. Position of the peak is a function of __________.
A

Envelope of the traveling wave:

  1. Indicates the point of maximum displacement of the basilar membrane
  2. Hair cells at this point are stimulated the most strongly leading to the nerve fibers firing the most strongly at this location.
  3. Position of the peak is a function of frequency.
202
Q

What is this diagram showing?

A

The outer hair cells (a) elongate when cilia bend in one direction; (b) contract when the cilia bend in the other direction. This results in an amplifying effect on the motion of the basilar membrane – ‘mechanical frequency tuning’

203
Q

What is this diagram showing?

A

How hair cell activation and auditory nerve fiber firing area synchronized with pressure changes of the stimulus. The auditory nerve fiber fires when the cilia are bent to the right. This occurs at the peak of the sine-wave change in pressure.

204
Q

In which structures do auditory nerve fibers synapse?

A

Cochlear nucleus

Superior olivary nucleus

Inerior colliculus

Medial geniculate nucleus

Auditory receiving area (A1)

205
Q

Hierarchical processing occurs in the cortex

  • Neural signals travel through the ____, then _____, followed by the ______area.
  • Simple sounds cause activation in the ______area.
  • ______and _________areas are activated in response to more complex stimuli made up of many frequencies.
A

Hierarchical processing occurs in the cortex

  • Neural signals travel through the core, then belt, followed by the parabelt area.
  • Simple sounds cause activation in the core area.
  • Belt and parabelt areas are activated in response to more complex stimuli made up of many frequencies.
206
Q
A
207
Q

What are the three main auditort areas?

A

Core area

Belt area

Parabelt area

208
Q

Which of the three main auditory areas is the primary auditory receiving area (A1) located?

A

Core area

209
Q

How are neurons arranges in A1?

A

Tonotopic maps are found in A1

  • Neurons that respond better to low frequencies are on the left and those that respond best to high frequencies are on the right.
210
Q
A
211
Q

True or False:

People find locating sounds behind them the most difficult

A

True

212
Q

True or False:

Location cues are not contained in the receptor cells like on the retina in vision

A

True

213
Q

Processing of interaural disparity cues occurs in the _____________ - first site of binaural interaction

A

Processing of interaural disparity cues occurs in the superior olivary complex (SOC) - first site of binaural interaction

214
Q

What is this diagram showing?

A

The principle behind interaural time difference (ITD). The tone directly in front of the listener, at A, reaches the left and the right ears at the same time. However, when the tone is off to the side, at B, it reaches the listener’s right before it reaches the left ear.

215
Q

For what type of frequencies is an acoustic shadow relvant for? Why

A

Only relevant for high frequencies

The spaces between high-frequency sound waves is small compared to the head. The head interferes with the sound waves, creating an acoustic shadow on the other side of the head. Whereas, the spacing between low-frequency sound waves is large compared to the person’s head, so the sound is unaffected by the head.

216
Q

What structure creates the acoustic shadow?

A

Head

217
Q

Why are ILD and ITD not effective for judgments on elevation?

A

In many locations they may be equal (cone of confusion)

218
Q

What two mechanisms have been proposed for source localisation?

A

Narrowly tuned ITD neurons

  • They are found in the inferior colliculus and the superior olivary nuclei.
  • This response is a form of specificity coding.

Broadly-tuned ITD neurons

  • Research on gerbils indicates that neurons in the left hemisphere respond best to sound from the right, and vice versa.
  • Location of sound is indicated by the ratio of responding for two types of neurons.
  • This is a distributed coding system
219
Q

What is this image describing?

A

How the Jeffress circuit operates. Axons transmit signals from the left ear (blue) and right ear (red) to neurons, indicated by circles. (a) Sound in front: signals start in left and right channels simultaneously. (b) Signals meet at neuron 5, causing it to fire. (c) Sound to the right: signal starts in the right channel first. (d) Signals meet at neuron 3, causing it to fire.

220
Q

Identifying the sources of sound is largely a top-down/bottom-up process

A

Identifying the sources of sound is largely a top-down ​process

221
Q

What heuristics help to perceptually organise sound stimuli?

A

Onset time

Location

Similarity of timbre and pitch

222
Q

What does this image describe?

A

(a) When high and low tones are alternated slowly, auditory stream segregation does not occur, so the listener perceives alternating high and low tones. (b) Faster alternation results in segregation by grouping of pitch into high and low streams

PSY3051 (11 decks)

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