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PSY3051 > Language > Flashcards

Language Flashcards

1
Q

Define

Anaphoric inference

A

An inference that connects an object or person in one sentence to an object or person in another sentence

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2
Q

Define

Biased dominance

A

when a word has more than one meaning, but with different dominances

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3
Q

Define

Broca’s aphasia

A

a type of aphasia characterized by partial loss of the ability to produce language (spoken, manual, or written), although comprehension generally remains intact

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4
Q

Define

Causal inference

A

the process of drawing a conclusion about a causal connection based on the conditions of the occurrence of an effect

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5
Q

Define

Coherence

A

sense relations between single units (sentences or propositions) of a text. Due to these relations, the text appears to be logically and semantically consistent for the reader-hearer

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6
Q

Define

Common ground

A

a communication technique based on mutual knowledge as well as awareness of mutual knowledge

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7
Q

Define

Corpus

A

the main body or mass of a structure.

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8
Q

Define

Garden path sentence

A

a grammatically correct sentence that starts in such a way that a reader’s most likely interpretation will be incorrect

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9
Q

Define

Given-new contract

A

an approach where both the person involved in a conversation are attentive enough and referring to the common information known to both of them

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10
Q

Define

Inference

A

a conclusion reached on the basis of evidence and reasoning

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11
Q

Define

Instrument inference

A

An inference about tools or methods that occurs while reading text or listening to speech

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12
Q

Define

Interactionist approach to parsing

A

theory about how humans parse sentences that states that both syntax and semantics work together to determine the meaning of a sentence

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13
Q

Define

Late closure

A

the principle that new words (or “incoming lexical items”) tend to be associated with the phrase or clause currently being processed rather than with structures farther back in the sentence.

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14
Q

Define

Lexical ambuguity

A

a writing error that occurs when a sentence contains a word that has more than one meaning

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15
Q

Define

Lexical decision task

A

a procedure used in many psychology and psycholinguistics experiments. The basic procedure involves measuring how quickly people classify stimuli as words or nonwords

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16
Q

Define

Lexicon

A

the vocabulary of a person, language, or branch of knowledge

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17
Q

Define

Morpheme

A

a meaningful morphological unit of a language that cannot be further divided (e.g. in, come, -ing, forming incoming ).

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18
Q

Define

Parsing

A

resolve (a sentence) into its component parts and describe their syntactic roles

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19
Q

Define

Phoneme

A

any of the perceptually distinct units of sound in a specified language that distinguish one word from another, for example p, b, d, and t in the English words pad, pat, bad, and bat.

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20
Q

Define

Phonemic restoration effect

A

a perceptual phenomenon where under certain conditions, sounds actually missing from a speech signal can be restored by the brain and may appear to be heard

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21
Q

Define

Psycholinguistics

A

the study of the relationships between linguistic behaviour and psychological processes, including the process of language acquisition

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22
Q

Define

Saccadic eye movement

A

rapid, ballistic movements of the eyes that abruptly change the point of fixation

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23
Q

Define

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

A

a hypothesis, first advanced by Edward Sapir in 1929 and subsequently developed by Benjamin Whorf, that the structure of a language determines a native speaker’s perception and categorization of experience

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24
Q

Define

Semantics

A

the branch of linguistics and logic concerned with meaning

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25
Q

Define

Situation model

A

a cognitive representation of the events, actions, and, more generally, the circumstances of the problem

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26
Q

Define

Speech segmentation

A

the process of identifying the boundaries between words, syllables, or phonemes in spoken natural languages

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27
Q

Define

Syntactic coordination

A

the use of similar grammatical construction whenever two people exchange their statements within a conversation

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28
Q

Define

Syntactic priming

A

a form of positive priming, in that it induces a tendency to repeat or more easily process a current sentence that is similar in structure to a previously presented prime

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29
Q

Define

Syntax

A

the arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language.

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30
Q

Define

Syntax-first approach to parsing

A

proposed by Lynn Frazier. It is one the earliest approach to explain the parsing and garden path sentences. It states that when people read a sentence, their grouping of words into phrases is governed by a number of rules that are based on the syntax

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31
Q

Define

Visual world paradigm

A

a typical eye tracking study using participants’ eye movements to pictures in a display or to real objects in a visual workspace are monitored as they listen to, or produce, spoken language depicting the contents of the visual world

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32
Q

Define

Wernicke’s aphasia

A

a type of aphasia in which individuals have difficulty understanding written and spoken language

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33
Q

Define

Word frequency effect

A

a psychological phenomenon where recognition times are faster for words seen more frequently than for words seen less frequently

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34
Q

Define

Word superiority effect

A

the phenomenon that people have better recognition of letters presented within words as compared to isolated letters and to letters presented within nonword (orthographically illegal, unpronounceable letter array) strings.

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35
Q

Definition

An inference that connects an object or person in one sentence to an object or person in another sentence

A

Anaphoric inference

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36
Q

Definition

when a word has more than one meaning, but with different dominances

A

Biased dominance

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37
Q

Definition

a type of aphasia characterized by partial loss of the ability to produce language (spoken, manual, or written), although comprehension generally remains intact

A

Broca’s aphasia

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38
Q

Definition

the process of drawing a conclusion about a causal connection based on the conditions of the occurrence of an effect

A

Causal inference

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39
Q

Definition

sense relations between single units (sentences or propositions) of a text. Due to these relations, the text appears to be logically and semantically consistent for the reader-hearer

A

Coherence

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40
Q

Definition

a communication technique based on mutual knowledge as well as awareness of mutual knowledge

A

Common ground

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41
Q

Definition

the main body or mass of a structure.

A

Corpus

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42
Q

Definition

a grammatically correct sentence that starts in such a way that a reader’s most likely interpretation will be incorrect

A

Garden path sentence

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43
Q

Definition

an approach where both the person involved in a conversation are attentive enough and referring to the common information known to both of them

A

Given-new contract

44
Q

Definition

a conclusion reached on the basis of evidence and reasoning

A

Inference

45
Q

Definition

An inference about tools or methods that occurs while reading text or listening to speech

A

Instrument inference

46
Q

Definition

theory about how humans parse sentences that states that both syntax and semantics work together to determine the meaning of a sentence

A

Interactionist approach to parsing

47
Q

Definition

the principle that new words (or “incoming lexical items”) tend to be associated with the phrase or clause currently being processed rather than with structures farther back in the sentence.

A

Late closure

48
Q

Definition

a writing error that occurs when a sentence contains a word that has more than one meaning

A

Lexical ambuguity

49
Q

Definition

a procedure used in many psychology and psycholinguistics experiments. The basic procedure involves measuring how quickly people classify stimuli as words or nonwords

A

Lexical decision task

50
Q

Definition

the vocabulary of a person, language, or branch of knowledge

A

Lexicon

51
Q

Definition

a meaningful morphological unit of a language that cannot be further divided (e.g. in, come, -ing, forming incoming ).

A

Morpheme

52
Q

Definition

resolve (a sentence) into its component parts and describe their syntactic roles

A

Parsing

53
Q

Definition

any of the perceptually distinct units of sound in a specified language that distinguish one word from another, for example p, b, d, and t in the English words pad, pat, bad, and bat.

A

Phoneme

54
Q

Definition

a perceptual phenomenon where under certain conditions, sounds actually missing from a speech signal can be restored by the brain and may appear to be heard

A

Phonemic restoration effect

55
Q

Definition

the study of the relationships between linguistic behaviour and psychological processes, including the process of language acquisition

A

Psycholinguistics

56
Q

Definition

rapid, ballistic movements of the eyes that abruptly change the point of fixation

A

Saccadic eye movement

57
Q

Definition

a hypothesis, first advanced by Edward Sapir in 1929 and subsequently developed by Benjamin Whorf, that the structure of a language determines a native speaker’s perception and categorization of experience

A

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

58
Q

Definition

the branch of linguistics and logic concerned with meaning

A

Semantics

59
Q

Definition

a cognitive representation of the events, actions, and, more generally, the circumstances of the problem

A

Situation model

60
Q

Definition

the process of identifying the boundaries between words, syllables, or phonemes in spoken natural languages

A

Speech segmentation

61
Q

Definition

the use of similar grammatical construction whenever two people exchange their statements within a conversation

A

Syntactic coordination

62
Q

Definition

a form of positive priming, in that it induces a tendency to repeat or more easily process a current sentence that is similar in structure to a previously presented prime

A

Syntactic priming

63
Q

Definition

the arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language.

A

Syntax

64
Q

Definition

proposed by Lynn Frazier. It is one the earliest approach to explain the parsing and garden path sentences. It states that when people read a sentence, their grouping of words into phrases is governed by a number of rules that are based on the syntax

A

Syntax-first approach to parsing

65
Q

Definition

a typical eye tracking study using participants’ eye movements to pictures in a display or to real objects in a visual workspace are monitored as they listen to, or produce, spoken language depicting the contents of the visual world

A

Visual world paradigm

66
Q

Definition

a type of aphasia in which individuals have difficulty understanding written and spoken language

A

Wernicke’s aphasia

67
Q

Definition

a psychological phenomenon where recognition times are faster for words seen more frequently than for words seen less frequently

A

Word frequency effect

68
Q

Definition

the phenomenon that people have better recognition of letters presented within words as compared to isolated letters and to letters presented within nonword (orthographically illegal, unpronounceable letter array) strings.

A

Word superiority effect

69
Q

What is language?

A

System of communication using sounds or symbols

Expression of feelings, thoughts, ideas, and experiences

70
Q

What are the main features of human language?

A
  • Hierarchical system
    • Components that can be combined to form larger units
  • Governed by rules
    • Specific ways components can be arranged
71
Q

What are some examples of evidence that language is universal?

A
  • Deaf children invent sign language
  • All cultures have a language
  • Language development is similar across cultures
  • Languages are “unique but the same”
    • Different words, sounds, and rules
    • All have nouns, verbs, negatives, questions, past/present tense
72
Q

What did Skinner believe about language?

A

Language is learned through reinforcement

73
Q

What did Chomsky believe about language? What supported his ideas?

A
  • Human language coded in our genes
  • Underlying basis of all language is similar
  • Support:
    • Children produce sentences they have never heard and that have never been reinforced
74
Q

What are the four areas of psycholinguistics?

A

Conprehension

Speech production

Representation

Acquisition

75
Q

What is a lexicon?

A

All words a person understands

76
Q

What is the smallest unit of language that has meaning or grammatical function?

A

Morpheme

77
Q

How many morphemes is there in these words?

Boys

Like

Unbelieveable

A

Boys: 3; Boy+s

Like: 1

Unbelievable: 3; Un+believe+able

78
Q

What is the word superiority effect?

A

Letters are easier to recognise when they are in a word

Letters not processed one by one

Each letter is affected by context

79
Q

What is a corpus?

A

The frequency and context of a word used in a specific language

80
Q
A
81
Q

What is the Lexicon decision task?

A

Read a list of words and non-words silently

Say “yes” when you read a word

82
Q

How is the word frequency effect related to the lexical decision task?

A

Respond more rapidly to high-frequency words

83
Q

While we read, we tend to look at ____-frequency words longer

A

While we read, we tend to look at low-frequency words longer

84
Q

What is lexical ambiguity?

A

Words have more than one meaning

85
Q

What are homonyms? Give an example

A

Words that sound the same but have a different meaning

e.g. Date

86
Q

What are homograph? Give an example

A

Words than look the same but are said differently

e.g. read

87
Q

How do we deal with lexical ambiguity?

A

Context clears up ambiguity after all meanings of a word have been briefly accessed

88
Q

What is semantics? What is syntax?

A

Semantics: meanings of words and sentences

Syntax: rules for combining words into sentences

89
Q

Which of these phrases have semantic and/or syntax errors?

My cat is lazy

My cat is Emperor of Rome

My cat is not sleep

Cat the lazy couch sleeping is on my

A

My cat is lazy: Semantics correct, syntax correct

My cat is Emperor of Rome: syntax correct but semantics incorrect

My cat is not sleep: Semantics correct but syntax incorrect

Cat the lazy couch sleeping is on my: Both semantics and syntax incorrect

90
Q

What have ERPs shown about syntax and semantics?

A

 Event-related potential and brain imaging studies have shown syntax and semantics are associated with different mechanisms

91
Q

What is parsing? Give an example of incorrect parsing

A

mental grouping of words in a sentence into phrases

“We’re going to learn to cut and paste kids!”

92
Q

What is the syntax-first approach to parsing?

A

Grammatical structure of sentence determines parsing

Late closure: parser assumes new word is part of the current phrase

Garden-path model

93
Q

What is the interactionist approach to parsing?

A

Semantics influence processing as one reads a sentence

i.e. The spy saw the man with the binoculars

94
Q

What are the three types of inference? What do they concern?

A

Anaphoric: connecting objects/people

Instrumental: tools or methods

Causal: events in one clause caused by events in previous sentence

95
Q

What is a situational model?

A

mental representation of what a text is about

96
Q

Describe this diagram

A

Results of Stanfield and Zwaan’s (2001) and Zwaan et al.’s (2002) experiments. Participants responded “yes” more rapidly for the orientation (in a) and the shape (in b) that was more consistent with the sentence.

97
Q

True or False

Approximately the same areas of the cortex are activated by actual movements and by reading related action words

A

True

The activation is more extensive for actual movements

98
Q

What information is provided in a given-new contract?

A

Given information

New information

New can then become given information

99
Q

What is syntactic priming?

A

Production of a specific grammatical construction by one person increases chances other person will use that construction

100
Q

Noam Chomsky suggested the following:

Select one or more:

a. Human language is encoded in our genes
b. The underlying basis of all language is similar
c. Language is typically learned through reinforcement
d. There is a critical period for language development in children

A

Noam Chomsky suggested the following:

Select one or more:

a. Human language is encoded in our genes

b. The underlying basis of all language is similar

c. Language is typically learned through reinforcement
d. There is a critical period for language development in children

101
Q

A morpheme…

Options:

  • Is one person’s entire vocabulary (also called lexicon)*
  • Is smallest unit of language that has meaning or grammatical function*
  • Is any sound in a unit of speech that, if changed, changes the grammatical structure of the sentence*
  • Is the shortest segment of speech that if changed, changes the meaning of the word*
A

A morpheme is smallest unit of language that has meaning or grammatical function

102
Q

_______________ is when a word has ______________

Options:

  • A superiority effect*
  • More than one meaning*
  • Lexical ambiguity*
  • Lexical singularity*
  • A repetitive effect*
A

Lexical ambiguity is when a word has More than one meaning

103
Q

Which of the following is the best example of syntactic ambiguity?

Select one:

a. “I saw my neighbour with a telescope”
b. “My cat yelled at me this morning it made me sad”
c. “I just had dinner with my parents, Michelle Obama and Donald Trump”
d. “I’m going to learn how to cook Grandma”

A

Which of the following is the best example of syntactic ambiguity?

Select one:

a. “I saw my neighbour with a telescope”

b. “My cat yelled at me this morning it made me sad”
c. “I just had dinner with my parents, Michelle Obama and Donald Trump”
d. “I’m going to learn how to cook Grandma”

104
Q

True or false:

The given-new contract is when the listener correctly anticipates the speaker’s next sentence so that the speaker’s old information can become part of new information.

A

False

The Given-new contract is when the speaker constructs sentences so that they include: given information and new information, so that the new information can then become the given information.

105
Q

True or false:

The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis states language influences thought.

A

True

PSY3051 (11 decks)

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