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PSY3051 > Knowledge > Flashcards

Knowledge Flashcards

1
Q

Define

Anterior temporal lobe (ATL)

A

thought to be critical for semantic memory–our knowledge of objects, people, words, and facts

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2
Q

Define

Basic level

A

the level of mental categorization formed in the human memory that is the most easily and efficiently retrieved

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3
Q

Define

Categorisation

A

the action or process of placing into classes or groups.

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4
Q

Define

Category

A

a class or division of people or things regarded as having particular shared characteristics

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5
Q

Define

Cognitive economy

A

the combined simplicity and relevance of a categorization scheme or knowledge representation

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6
Q

Define

Concept

A

an abstract idea

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7
Q

Define

Conceptual knowledge

A

the knowledge of, or understanding of concepts, principles, theories, models, classifications, etc.

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8
Q

Define

Connectionism

A

an artificial intelligence approach to cognition in which multiple connections between nodes (equivalent to brain cells) form a massive interactive network in which many processes take place simultaneously and certain processes, operating in parallel, are grouped together in hierarchies that bring about results such as thought or action.

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9
Q

Define

Connectionist network

A

arrangements of several neurons into a network that can be entirely described by an architecture (how the neurons are arranged and connected), a transmission function (how information flows from one neuron to another), and a learning rule (how connection weights change over time)

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10
Q

Define

Crowding

A

the idea that categories with items that share many properties (i.e. animals) are more difficult to identify that those that share less properties (i.e. artefacts)

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11
Q

Define

Definitional approach to categorisation

A

explains how things can be put under a specific category if they meet the characteristics of the object, based on its definition

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12
Q

Define

Error signal

A

A voltage whose magnitude is proportional to the difference between an actual and a desired position

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13
Q

Define

Exemplar

A

a person or thing serving as a typical example or appropriate model

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14
Q

Define

Exemplar approach to categorisation

A

posits that there are various exemplars, that is, members of a category that serve as representations of the category which an individual utilizes to categorize objects

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15
Q

Define

Family resemblance

A

a similarity in the way people look because they are related

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16
Q

Define

Global level

A

Higher order categories (i.e. vehicle or furniture)

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17
Q

Define

Graceful degradation

A

the ability of a computer, machine, electronic system or network to maintain limited functionality even when a large portion of it has been destroyed or rendered inoperative

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18
Q

Define

Hidden units

A

Layers of a network that receive the input and give an output but we are not sure of why

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19
Q

Define

Hierarchical model

A

a model in which lower levels are sorted under a hierarchy of successively higher-level units

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20
Q

Define

Hierarchical organisation

A

an organizational structure where every entity in the organization, except one, is subordinate to a single other entity

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21
Q

Define

Hub and spoke model

A

proposes that areas of the brain specialised for different functions are linked to the anterior temporal lobe which integrates the information from these areas

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22
Q

Define

Lexical decision tasks

A

tasks that require the participant to quickly choose whether a group of letters make up a real word or not

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23
Q

Define

Mirror neurons

A

a neuron that fires both when an animal acts and when the animal observes the same action performed by another

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24
Q

Define

Multiple-factor approach

A

proposes that instead of focusing on only one property or feature to distinguish between objects and animals, people use multiple factors to divide concepts within categories

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25
Q

Define

Output units

A

any piece of computer hardware equipment which converts information into human-readable form

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26
Q

Define

Parallel distributed processing (PDP)

A

posits that memory is made up of neural networks that interact to store information

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27
Q

Define

Prototype

A

a first or preliminary version of a device or vehicle from which other forms are developed

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28
Q

Define

Semantic dementia

A

a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by loss of semantic memory in both the verbal and non-verbal domains

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29
Q

Define

Semantic network approach

A

views the meaning of concepts as being determined by their relations to other concepts

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30
Q

Define

Sensory-functional (S-F) hypothesis

A

states that one’s ability to distinguish between inanimate and animate objects is determined by two systems, that is, one that distinguishes between sensory features and another that perceives functions

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31
Q

Define

Sentence verification technique

A

an alternative assessment method of reading comprehension that was designed to measure how the reader recalls text-specific information and reader-constructed meaning

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32
Q

Define

Specific level

A

lower level categories (i.e. Samsung Phone)

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33
Q

Define

Spreading activation

A

an analogous model for the association of ideas, memories, and the like, based on the notion that activation of one item stored in memory travels through associated links to activate another item

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34
Q

Define

Subordinate (specific) level

A

lower level categories (i.e. Samsung Phone)

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35
Q

Define

Superordinate (global) level

A

Higher order categories (i.e. vehicle or furniture)

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36
Q

Define

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

A

a noninvasive procedure that uses magnetic fields to stimulate nerve cells in the brain to improve symptoms of depression

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37
Q

Define

Typicality effect

A

states that individuals respond more quickly to typical examples of a category than they would to examples that are considered atypical

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38
Q

Definition

thought to be critical for semantic memory–our knowledge of objects, people, words, and facts

A

Anterior temporal lobe (ATL)

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39
Q

Definition

the level of mental categorization formed in the human memory that is the most easily and efficiently retrieved

A

Basic level

How well did you know this?
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40
Q

Definition

the action or process of placing into classes or groups.

A

Categorisation

How well did you know this?
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41
Q

Definition

a class or division of people or things regarded as having particular shared characteristics

A

Category

42
Q

Definition

the combined simplicity and relevance of a categorization scheme or knowledge representation

A

Cognitive economy

43
Q

Definition

an abstract idea

A

Concept

44
Q

Definition

the knowledge of, or understanding of concepts, principles, theories, models, classifications, etc.

A

Conceptual knowledge

45
Q

Definition

an artificial intelligence approach to cognition in which multiple connections between nodes (equivalent to brain cells) form a massive interactive network in which many processes take place simultaneously and certain processes, operating in parallel, are grouped together in hierarchies that bring about results such as thought or action.

A

Connectionism

46
Q

Definition

arrangements of several neurons into a network that can be entirely described by an architecture (how the neurons are arranged and connected), a transmission function (how information flows from one neuron to another), and a learning rule (how connection weights change over time)

A

Connectionist network

47
Q

Definition

the idea that categories with items that share many properties (i.e. animals) are more difficult to identify that those that share less properties (i.e. artefacts)

A

Crowding

48
Q

Definition

explains how things can be put under a specific category if they meet the characteristics of the object, based on its definition

A

Definitional approach to categorisation

49
Q

Definition

A voltage whose magnitude is proportional to the difference between an actual and a desired position

A

Error signal

50
Q

Definition

a person or thing serving as a typical example or appropriate model

A

Exemplar

51
Q

Definition

posits that there are various exemplars, that is, members of a category that serve as representations of the category which an individual utilizes to categorize objects

A

Exemplar approach to categorisation

52
Q

Definition

a similarity in the way people look because they are related

A

Family resemblance

53
Q

Definition

Higher order categories (i.e. vehicle or furniture)

A

Global level

54
Q

Definition

the ability of a computer, machine, electronic system or network to maintain limited functionality even when a large portion of it has been destroyed or rendered inoperative

A

Graceful degradation

55
Q

Definition

Layers of a network that receive the input and give an output but we are not sure of why

A

Hidden units

56
Q

Definition

a model in which lower levels are sorted under a hierarchy of successively higher-level units

A

Hierarchical model

57
Q

Definition

an organizational structure where every entity in the organization, except one, is subordinate to a single other entity

A

Hierarchical organisation

58
Q

Definition

proposes that areas of the brain specialised for different functions are linked to the anterior temporal lobe which integrates the information from these areas

A

Hub and spoke model

59
Q

Definition

tasks that require the participant to quickly choose whether a group of letters make up a real word or not

A

Lexical decision tasks

60
Q

Definition

a neuron that fires both when an animal acts and when the animal observes the same action performed by another

A

Mirror neurons

61
Q

Definition

proposes that instead of focusing on only one property or feature to distinguish between objects and animals, people use multiple factors to divide concepts within categories

A

Multiple-factor approach

62
Q

Definition

any piece of computer hardware equipment which converts information into human-readable form

A

Output units

63
Q

Definition

posits that memory is made up of neural networks that interact to store information

A

Parallel distributed processing (PDP)

64
Q

Definition

a first or preliminary version of a device or vehicle from which other forms are developed

A

Prototype

65
Q

Definition

a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by loss of semantic memory in both the verbal and non-verbal domains

A

Semantic dementia

66
Q

Definition

views the meaning of concepts as being determined by their relations to other concepts

A

Semantic network approach

67
Q

Definition

states that one’s ability to distinguish between inanimate and animate objects is determined by two systems, that is, one that distinguishes between sensory features and another that perceives functions

A

Sensory-functional (S-F) hypothesis

68
Q

Definition

an alternative assessment method of reading comprehension that was designed to measure how the reader recalls text-specific information and reader-constructed meaning

A

Sentence verification technique

69
Q

Definition

lower level categories (i.e. Samsung Phone)

A

Specific level

70
Q

Definition

an analogous model for the association of ideas, memories, and the like, based on the notion that activation of one item stored in memory travels through associated links to activate another item

A

Spreading activation

71
Q

Definition

lower level categories (i.e. Samsung Phone)

A

Subordinate (specific) level

72
Q

Definition

Higher order categories (i.e. vehicle or furniture)

A

Superordinate (global) level

73
Q

Definition

a noninvasive procedure that uses magnetic fields to stimulate nerve cells in the brain to improve symptoms of depression

A

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

74
Q

Definition

states that individuals respond more quickly to typical examples of a category than they would to examples that are considered atypical

A

Typicality effect

75
Q

Ludwig Wittgenstein (1953) suggested categories are organised by ________________

A

Ludwig Wittgenstein (1953) suggested categories are organised by “family resemblances”

76
Q

What is a prototype?

A

“Typical” member of a category – average representation of the category

77
Q

Explain this diagram

A

How Rosch explains the finding that priming resulted in faster “same” judgements for prototypical colors than for nonprototypical colors

78
Q

What concept explains how we still manage to categorise very untypical members of a category?

A

Exemplars

79
Q

Is the prototype or exemplar concept better?

A

Prototype – better for large categories (e.g., birds)

Examplar – better for smaller categories (e.g. super heroes)

80
Q

True or False:

We only rely on one of prototypes or exemplars for knowledge

A

False

Through learning we may transition from relying on prototypes to incorporating exemplar information

81
Q

Why are basic levels special?

A

It’s the level we typically associated with the objects identity

Vehicle

Car

Honda CR-V

82
Q

What theory centres around input and output units, with hidden units joining them?

A

Connectionism

83
Q

The weight of a neural connection determines what?

A

Connection weights determine how signals sent from one unit either increase or decrease activity in the next unit

84
Q

What does the Sensory-functional hypothesis state?

A

States our ability to differentiate living things and artifacts depends on a semantic memory system that distinguishes sensory attributes and a system that distinguishes function

85
Q

What do semantic category proponents argue?

A

evolution has results in neural circuits that enable us to efficiently recognise and act on these types of categories for survival

86
Q

According to the Multiple Factor approach what are animals, artifacts and mechanical devices typically associated with?

A

Animals: colour and motions

Artifacts: action

Mechanical devices: motion and action

87
Q

How can crowding explain how animals can be more difficult to identify than artifacts?

A

Animals tend to share many properties making them harder to distinguish than artifacts which share less properties

88
Q

Which approach includes mirror neurons?

A

Embodied approach

89
Q

True or False:

Individual mirror neurons can respond to a range of actions

A

False

Mirror neurons are specialised to respond to only one type of action

90
Q

What does semantic dementia cause?

A

global deficits in knowledge for concepts

91
Q

True or False:

People with semantic dementia tend to be equally deficient in identifying living things and artifacts

A

True

92
Q

What happens when you apply TMS to the anterior tempotal lobe? What about the parietal lobe?

A

TMS applied to the ATL affects naming of pictures of living things and artifacts

TMS applied to the parietal lobe affects only artifacts

93
Q

Which part of the brain is considered the “hub” of the Hub and Spoke Model?

A

Anterior Temporal Lobe

94
Q

A prototype is a…

Select one:

a. Schema expansion to include new members into existing categories
b. Sensory-functional demonstration of recollection
c. First or preliminary version of something
d. Typical member of a category

A

A prototype is a…

Select one:

a. Schema expansion to include new members into existing categories
b. Sensory-functional demonstration of recollection
c. First or preliminary version of something

d. Typical member of a category

95
Q

Semantic dementia, often mistaken for a(n) __________disorder, also affects _________

A

Semantic dementia, often mistaken for a(n) language disorder, also affects knowledge

96
Q

People with semantic dementia tend to be equally deficient in identifying living things and artifacts. This is associated with particular degeneration in the:

Select one or more:

Anterior occipital lobe

Anterior temporal lobe

Anterior hippocampal lobe

Anterior frontal lobe

A

People with semantic dementia tend to be equally deficient in identifying living things and artifacts. This is associated with particular degeneration in the:

Select one or more:

Anterior occipital lobe

Anterior temporal lobe

Anterior hippocampal lobe

Anterior frontal lobe

97
Q

The exemplar approach is an alternative to prototypes. Prototypes are best for _______________ such as _____________ , whereas exemplars are best for ________________ such as ____________________ .

Options

larger categories

dogs

energy drink brands

smaller categories

A

The exemplar approach is an alternative to prototypes. Prototypes are best for larger categories such as dogs, whereas exemplars are best for smaller categories such as energy drink brands.

98
Q

Connectionism is an approach that comprises input and output units, with hidden units joining them. However, not all connections are equally strong. Connection ___________ determine how signals sent from one unit either increase or decrease activity in the next unit. This represents __________ __________ between neurons. The strength of connections should be trained via _________.

A

Connectionism is an approach that comprises input and output units, with hidden units joining them. However, not all connections are equally strong. Connection weights determine how signals sent from one unit either increase or decrease activity in the next unit. This represents synaptic activity between neurons. The strength of connections should be trained via experience.

99
Q

The _____________ hypothesis states that our ability to differentiate living things and artefacts depends on a semantic memory system that distinguishes sensory attributes, and a system that distinguishes function.

A

The sensory-functional hypothesis states that our ability to differentiate living things and artefacts depends on a semantic memory system that distinguishes sensory attributes, and a system that distinguishes function.

100
Q

The recognition of fearful faces is an example of the…

Select one:

a. Sensory-functional hypothesis
b. Multiple factor approach
c. Evolutionary survival approach
d. Semantic category approach

A

The recognition of fearful faces is an example of the…

Select one:

a. Sensory-functional hypothesis
b. Multiple factor approach
c. Evolutionary survival approach

d. Semantic category approach

101
Q

Hoffman and Ralph studied associations with different types of objects under the multiple factor approach. They found that animals were associated with:

Select one or more:

a. Motion
b. Noise
c. Typical actions
d. Colour

A

Hoffman and Ralph studied associations with different types of objects under the multiple factor approach. They found that animals were associated with:

Select one or more:

a. Motion

b. Noise
c. Typical actions

d. Colour

102
Q

Mirror neurons respond to ___________

A

Mirror neurons respond to one type of action

PSY3051 (11 decks)

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