Knowledge Flashcards
1
Q
Define
Anterior temporal lobe (ATL)
A
thought to be critical for semantic memory–our knowledge of objects, people, words, and facts
2
Q
Define
Basic level
A
the level of mental categorization formed in the human memory that is the most easily and efficiently retrieved
3
Q
Define
Categorisation
A
the action or process of placing into classes or groups.
4
Q
Define
Category
A
a class or division of people or things regarded as having particular shared characteristics
5
Q
Define
Cognitive economy
A
the combined simplicity and relevance of a categorization scheme or knowledge representation
6
Q
Define
Concept
A
an abstract idea
7
Q
Define
Conceptual knowledge
A
the knowledge of, or understanding of concepts, principles, theories, models, classifications, etc.
8
Q
Define
Connectionism
A
an artificial intelligence approach to cognition in which multiple connections between nodes (equivalent to brain cells) form a massive interactive network in which many processes take place simultaneously and certain processes, operating in parallel, are grouped together in hierarchies that bring about results such as thought or action.
9
Q
Define
Connectionist network
A
arrangements of several neurons into a network that can be entirely described by an architecture (how the neurons are arranged and connected), a transmission function (how information flows from one neuron to another), and a learning rule (how connection weights change over time)
10
Q
Define
Crowding
A
the idea that categories with items that share many properties (i.e. animals) are more difficult to identify that those that share less properties (i.e. artefacts)
11
Q
Define
Definitional approach to categorisation
A
explains how things can be put under a specific category if they meet the characteristics of the object, based on its definition
12
Q
Define
Error signal
A
A voltage whose magnitude is proportional to the difference between an actual and a desired position
13
Q
Define
Exemplar
A
a person or thing serving as a typical example or appropriate model
14
Q
Define
Exemplar approach to categorisation
A
posits that there are various exemplars, that is, members of a category that serve as representations of the category which an individual utilizes to categorize objects
15
Q
Define
Family resemblance
A
a similarity in the way people look because they are related
16
Q
Define
Global level
A
Higher order categories (i.e. vehicle or furniture)
17
Q
Define
Graceful degradation
A
the ability of a computer, machine, electronic system or network to maintain limited functionality even when a large portion of it has been destroyed or rendered inoperative
18
Q
Define
Hidden units
A
Layers of a network that receive the input and give an output but we are not sure of why
19
Q
Define
Hierarchical model
A
a model in which lower levels are sorted under a hierarchy of successively higher-level units
20
Q
Define
Hierarchical organisation
A
an organizational structure where every entity in the organization, except one, is subordinate to a single other entity
21
Q
Define
Hub and spoke model
A
proposes that areas of the brain specialised for different functions are linked to the anterior temporal lobe which integrates the information from these areas
22
Q
Define
Lexical decision tasks
A
tasks that require the participant to quickly choose whether a group of letters make up a real word or not
23
Q
Define
Mirror neurons
A
a neuron that fires both when an animal acts and when the animal observes the same action performed by another
24
Q
Define
Multiple-factor approach
A
proposes that instead of focusing on only one property or feature to distinguish between objects and animals, people use multiple factors to divide concepts within categories
25
# Define
Output units
any piece of computer hardware equipment which converts information into human-readable form
26
# Define
Parallel distributed processing (PDP)
posits that memory is made up of neural networks that interact to store information
27
# Define
Prototype
a first or preliminary version of a device or vehicle from which other forms are developed
28
# Define
Semantic dementia
a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by loss of semantic memory in both the verbal and non-verbal domains
29
# Define
Semantic network approach
views the meaning of concepts as being determined by their relations to other concepts
30
# Define
Sensory-functional (S-F) hypothesis
states that one's ability to distinguish between inanimate and animate objects is determined by two systems, that is, one that distinguishes between sensory features and another that perceives functions
31
# Define
Sentence verification technique
an alternative assessment method of reading comprehension that was designed to measure how the reader recalls text-specific information and reader-constructed meaning
32
# Define
Specific level
lower level categories (i.e. Samsung Phone)
33
# Define
Spreading activation
an analogous model for the association of ideas, memories, and the like, based on the notion that activation of one item stored in memory travels through associated links to activate another item
34
# Define
Subordinate (specific) level
lower level categories (i.e. Samsung Phone)
35
# Define
Superordinate (global) level
Higher order categories (i.e. vehicle or furniture)
36
# Define
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
a noninvasive procedure that uses magnetic fields to stimulate nerve cells in the brain to improve symptoms of depression
37
# Define
Typicality effect
states that individuals respond more quickly to typical examples of a category than they would to examples that are considered atypical
38
# Definition
thought to be critical for semantic memory–our knowledge of objects, people, words, and facts
Anterior temporal lobe (ATL)
39
# Definition
the level of mental categorization formed in the human memory that is the most easily and efficiently retrieved
Basic level
40
# Definition
the action or process of placing into classes or groups.
Categorisation
41
# Definition
a class or division of people or things regarded as having particular shared characteristics
Category
42
# Definition
the combined simplicity and relevance of a categorization scheme or knowledge representation
Cognitive economy
43
# Definition
an abstract idea
Concept
44
# Definition
the knowledge of, or understanding of concepts, principles, theories, models, classifications, etc.
Conceptual knowledge
45
# Definition
an artificial intelligence approach to cognition in which multiple connections between nodes (equivalent to brain cells) form a massive interactive network in which many processes take place simultaneously and certain processes, operating in parallel, are grouped together in hierarchies that bring about results such as thought or action.
Connectionism
46
# Definition
arrangements of several neurons into a network that can be entirely described by an architecture (how the neurons are arranged and connected), a transmission function (how information flows from one neuron to another), and a learning rule (how connection weights change over time)
Connectionist network
47
# Definition
the idea that categories with items that share many properties (i.e. animals) are more difficult to identify that those that share less properties (i.e. artefacts)
Crowding
48
# Definition
explains how things can be put under a specific category if they meet the characteristics of the object, based on its definition
Definitional approach to categorisation
49
# Definition
A voltage whose magnitude is proportional to the difference between an actual and a desired position
Error signal
50
# Definition
a person or thing serving as a typical example or appropriate model
Exemplar
51
# Definition
posits that there are various exemplars, that is, members of a category that serve as representations of the category which an individual utilizes to categorize objects
Exemplar approach to categorisation
52
# Definition
a similarity in the way people look because they are related
Family resemblance
53
# Definition
Higher order categories (i.e. vehicle or furniture)
Global level
54
# Definition
the ability of a computer, machine, electronic system or network to maintain limited functionality even when a large portion of it has been destroyed or rendered inoperative
Graceful degradation
55
# Definition
Layers of a network that receive the input and give an output but we are not sure of why
Hidden units
56
# Definition
a model in which lower levels are sorted under a hierarchy of successively higher-level units
Hierarchical model
57
# Definition
an organizational structure where every entity in the organization, except one, is subordinate to a single other entity
Hierarchical organisation
58
# Definition
proposes that areas of the brain specialised for different functions are linked to the anterior temporal lobe which integrates the information from these areas
Hub and spoke model
59
# Definition
tasks that require the participant to quickly choose whether a group of letters make up a real word or not
Lexical decision tasks
60
# Definition
a neuron that fires both when an animal acts and when the animal observes the same action performed by another
Mirror neurons
61
# Definition
proposes that instead of focusing on only one property or feature to distinguish between objects and animals, people use multiple factors to divide concepts within categories
Multiple-factor approach
62
# Definition
any piece of computer hardware equipment which converts information into human-readable form
Output units
63
# Definition
posits that memory is made up of neural networks that interact to store information
Parallel distributed processing (PDP)
64
# Definition
a first or preliminary version of a device or vehicle from which other forms are developed
Prototype
65
# Definition
a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by loss of semantic memory in both the verbal and non-verbal domains
Semantic dementia
66
# Definition
views the meaning of concepts as being determined by their relations to other concepts
Semantic network approach
67
# Definition
states that one's ability to distinguish between inanimate and animate objects is determined by two systems, that is, one that distinguishes between sensory features and another that perceives functions
Sensory-functional (S-F) hypothesis
68
# Definition
an alternative assessment method of reading comprehension that was designed to measure how the reader recalls text-specific information and reader-constructed meaning
Sentence verification technique
69
# Definition
lower level categories (i.e. Samsung Phone)
Specific level
70
# Definition
an analogous model for the association of ideas, memories, and the like, based on the notion that activation of one item stored in memory travels through associated links to activate another item
Spreading activation
71
# Definition
lower level categories (i.e. Samsung Phone)
Subordinate (specific) level
72
# Definition
Higher order categories (i.e. vehicle or furniture)
Superordinate (global) level
73
# Definition
a noninvasive procedure that uses magnetic fields to stimulate nerve cells in the brain to improve symptoms of depression
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
74
# Definition
states that individuals respond more quickly to typical examples of a category than they would to examples that are considered atypical
Typicality effect
75
Ludwig Wittgenstein (1953) suggested categories are organised by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Ludwig Wittgenstein (1953) suggested categories are organised by **“family resemblances”**
76
What is a prototype?
“Typical” member of a category – average representation of the category
77
Explain this diagram
How Rosch explains the finding that priming resulted in faster "same" judgements for prototypical colors than for nonprototypical colors
78
What concept explains how we still manage to categorise very untypical members of a category?
Exemplars
79
Is the prototype or exemplar concept better?
Prototype – better for large categories (e.g., birds)
Examplar – better for smaller categories (e.g. super heroes)
80
True or False:
We only rely on one of prototypes or exemplars for knowledge
False
Through learning we may transition from relying on prototypes to incorporating exemplar information
81
Why are basic levels special?
It's the level we typically associated with the objects identity
Vehicle
**Car**
Honda CR-V
82
What theory centres around input and output units, with hidden units joining them?
Connectionism
83
The weight of a neural connection determines what?
Connection weights determine how signals sent from one unit either increase or decrease activity in the next unit
84
What does the Sensory-functional hypothesis state?
States our ability to differentiate living things and artifacts depends on a semantic memory system that distinguishes sensory attributes and a system that distinguishes function
85
What do semantic category proponents argue?
evolution has results in neural circuits that enable us to efficiently recognise and act on these types of categories for survival
86
According to the Multiple Factor approach what are animals, artifacts and mechanical devices typically associated with?
Animals: colour and motions
Artifacts: action
Mechanical devices: motion and action
87
How can crowding explain how animals can be more difficult to identify than artifacts?
Animals tend to share many properties making them harder to distinguish than artifacts which share less properties
88
Which approach includes mirror neurons?
Embodied approach
89
True or False:
Individual mirror neurons can respond to a range of actions
False
Mirror neurons are specialised to respond to only one type of action
90
What does semantic dementia cause?
global deficits in knowledge for concepts
91
True or False:
People with semantic dementia tend to be equally deficient in identifying living things and artifacts
True
92
What happens when you apply TMS to the anterior tempotal lobe? What about the parietal lobe?
TMS applied to the ATL affects naming of pictures of living things and artifacts
TMS applied to the parietal lobe affects only artifacts
93
Which part of the brain is considered the "hub" of the Hub and Spoke Model?
Anterior Temporal Lobe
94
A prototype is a…
Select one:
a. Schema expansion to include new members into existing categories
b. Sensory-functional demonstration of recollection
c. First or preliminary version of something
d. Typical member of a category
A prototype is a…
Select one:
a. Schema expansion to include new members into existing categories
b. Sensory-functional demonstration of recollection
c. First or preliminary version of something
**d. Typical member of a category**
95
Semantic dementia, often mistaken for a(n) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_disorder, also affects \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Semantic dementia, often mistaken for a(n) **language** disorder, also affects **knowledge**
96
People with semantic dementia tend to be equally deficient in identifying living things and artifacts. This is associated with particular degeneration in the:
Select one or more:
Anterior occipital lobe
Anterior temporal lobe
Anterior hippocampal lobe
Anterior frontal lobe
People with semantic dementia tend to be equally deficient in identifying living things and artifacts. This is associated with particular degeneration in the:
Select one or more:
Anterior occipital lobe
**Anterior temporal lobe**
Anterior hippocampal lobe
Anterior frontal lobe
97
The exemplar approach is an alternative to prototypes. Prototypes are best for _______________ such as _____________ , whereas exemplars are best for ________________ such as ____________________ .
## Footnote
*Options*
larger categories
dogs
energy drink brands
smaller categories
The exemplar approach is an alternative to prototypes. Prototypes are best for **larger categories** such as **dogs**, whereas exemplars are best for **smaller categories** such as **energy drink brands.**
98
Connectionism is an approach that comprises input and output units, with hidden units joining them. However, not all connections are equally strong. Connection ___________ determine how signals sent from one unit either increase or decrease activity in the next unit. This represents __________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ between neurons. The strength of connections should be trained via \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Connectionism is an approach that comprises input and output units, with hidden units joining them. However, not all connections are equally strong. Connection **weights** determine how signals sent from one unit either increase or decrease activity in the next unit. This represents **synaptic** **activity** between neurons. The strength of connections should be trained via **experience**.
99
The _____________ hypothesis states that our ability to differentiate living things and artefacts depends on a semantic memory system that distinguishes sensory attributes, and a system that distinguishes function.
The **sensory-functional** hypothesis states that our ability to differentiate living things and artefacts depends on a semantic memory system that distinguishes sensory attributes, and a system that distinguishes function.
100
The recognition of fearful faces is an example of the…
Select one:
a. Sensory-functional hypothesis
b. Multiple factor approach
c. Evolutionary survival approach
d. Semantic category approach
The recognition of fearful faces is an example of the…
Select one:
a. Sensory-functional hypothesis
b. Multiple factor approach
c. Evolutionary survival approach
**d. Semantic category approach**
101
Hoffman and Ralph studied associations with different types of objects under the multiple factor approach. They found that animals were associated with:
Select one or more:
a. Motion
b. Noise
c. Typical actions
d. Colour
Hoffman and Ralph studied associations with different types of objects under the multiple factor approach. They found that animals were associated with:
Select one or more:
**a. Motion**
b. Noise
c. Typical actions
**d. Colour**
102
Mirror neurons respond to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Mirror neurons respond to **one type of action**
