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PSY3051 > Perceiving Depth, Size, And Illusions > Flashcards

Perceiving Depth, Size, And Illusions Flashcards

1
Q

Define

Muller-Lyer illusion

A

a geometric illusion in which two lines of equal length appear unequal depending on whether angular lines forming arrowheads at each end point toward or away from each other

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2
Q

Define

Crossed disparity

A

An object closer than the horoptor

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3
Q

Definition

stereo pair of images of random dots which when viewed with the aid of a stereoscope, or with the eyes focused on a point in front of or behind the images, produces a sensation of depth, with objects appearing to be in front of or behind the display level

A

Random-dot stereogram

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4
Q

What is the range of effectiveness for accommodation and convergence?

A

Near (0-2m)

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5
Q

Definition

a distorted room that creates an optical illusion

A

Ames room

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6
Q

Define

Accomodation

A

change in the shape of the lens when we focus on objects at different distances

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7
Q

Define

Horopter

A

a line or surface containing all those points in space of which images fall on corresponding points of the retinas of the two eyes

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8
Q

Definition

the gradual reappearance of a moving object as it emerges from behind another object

A

Accretion

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9
Q

Definition

An object closer than the horoptor

A

Crossed disparity

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10
Q

Define

Disparity-selective cells

A

cell in the visual cortex that receives inputs from both eyes and responds only when the binocular disparity is within certain predetermined limits, thus providing a basis for stereopsis

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11
Q
A
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12
Q

Define

Relative height

A

objects below the horizon that are higher in the field of vision are more distant

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13
Q

Define

Monocular cues

A

provide depth information when viewing a scene with one eye

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14
Q

Definition

a theory of visual illusions proposed by R. H. Day, which states that our perception of line length depends on an integration of the actual line length and the overall figure length

A

Conflicting cues theory

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15
Q

What is the range of effectiveness for relative height?

A

Moderately far to very far (2-30+m)

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16
Q

Define

Relative size

A

a perceptual clue which allows you to determine how close objects are to an object of known size

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17
Q

Define

Oculomotor cues

A

cues based on the ability to sense the position of our eyes and the tension in the eye muscles

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18
Q

Definition

one among a number of illusions where a central aspect of a simple line image—e.g. the length, straightness, or parallelism of lines—appears distorted by other aspects of the image—e.g. other background/foreground lines, or other intersecting shapes

A

Ponzo illusion

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19
Q

Define

Accretion

A

the gradual reappearance of a moving object as it emerges from behind another object

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20
Q

Definition

the perception of depth produced by the reception in the brain of visual stimuli from both eyes in combination; binocular vision

A

Stereopsis

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21
Q

What are the issues with the misapplied size-constancy scaling explanation for the Muller-Lyer illusion?

A
  • The “dumbbell” version shows the same perception even though there are no “corners.”
  • The illusion also occurs for some 3-D displays that do not implicate depth.
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22
Q

Definition

inward movement of the eyes when we focus on nearby objects

A

Ocular convergence

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23
Q

What is the range of effectiveness for relative size?

A

Near - very far

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24
Q

Define

Familiar size

A

a visual cue used to judge an object’s distance. It is a monocular cue which means it can provide information about depth peception even by using only one eye

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25
Q

Definition

the gradual occlusion of a moving object as it passes behind another object

A

Deletion

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26
Q

Definition

cues based on the ability to sense the position of our eyes and the tension in the eye muscles

A

Oculomotor cues

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27
Q

Definition

any information conveyed to the observer of a two-dimensional image that gives the impression of 3-dimensional image

A

Pictorial cues

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28
Q

What is one possible explanation for the Ponzo illusion?

A

One possible explanation is misapplied sizeconstancy scaling.

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29
Q

Define

Stereoscope

A

a device by which two photographs of the same object taken at slightly different angles are viewed together, creating an impression of depth and solidity

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30
Q

What is relative disparity?

A

Relative disparity is the difference between the absolute disparity of two objects.

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31
Q

Define

Size-distance scaling

A

an idea that the perceiver combines the size of object formed on retina and its distance to perceive the actual size of an object

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32
Q

Definition

states that the perceived angular size of the moon is proportional to the perceived angular size of objects around it

A

Angular size contrast theory

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33
Q

Definition

the angle formed at the eye by rays from the extremities of an object viewed

A

Visual angle

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34
Q

Definition

the angle between two lines of projection . One of which is the real projection from the object to the actual point of projection

A

Angle of disparity

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35
Q

How can size-distance scaling explain the Ames Room?

A
  • Observer thinks the room is normal.
  • People would be at same distance.
  • Person on the left has smaller visual angle (R).
  • Due to the perceived distance (D) being the same their perceived size (S) is smaller
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36
Q

True or False:

Objects that do not fall on the horopter fall on corresponding points

A

False

Objects that do not fall on the horopter fall on noncorresponding points

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37
Q

What are the motion-produced depth perception cues?

A

Motion parallax

Deletion and accretion

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38
Q

Definition

change in the shape of the lens when we focus on objects at different distances

A

Accomodation

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39
Q

Define

Perspective convergence

A

parallel lines appear to come together in the distance

40
Q

Definition

an idea that the perceiver combines the size of object formed on retina and its distance to perceive the actual size of an object

A

Size-distance scaling

41
Q

Definition

an optical illusion which causes the Moon to appear larger near the horizon than it does higher up in the sky

A

Moon illusion

42
Q

Define

Texture gradient

A

is the distortion in size which closer objects have compared to objects farther away

43
Q

Definition

provide depth information when viewing a scene with one eye

A

Monocular cues

44
Q

Define

Visual angle

A

the angle formed at the eye by rays from the extremities of an object viewed

45
Q

Define

Binocular disparity

A

the difference in image location of an object seen by the left and right eyes, resulting from the eyes’ horizontal separation (parallax)

46
Q

Define

Ponzo illusion

A

one among a number of illusions where a central aspect of a simple line image—e.g. the length, straightness, or parallelism of lines—appears distorted by other aspects of the image—e.g. other background/foreground lines, or other intersecting shapes

47
Q

Define

Atmospheric perspective

A

a technique of rendering depth or distance in painting by modifying the tone or hue and distinctness of objects perceived as receding from the picture plane, especially by reducing distinctive local colors and contrasts of light and dark to a uniform light bluish-gray color

48
Q

What is size-distance scaling defined by?

A

Emmert’s law - Perceived size will change depending on distance of projection

49
Q

Define

Motion parallax

A

a monocular depth cue in which we view objects that are closer to us as moving faster than objects that are further away from us

50
Q

Definition

a technique of rendering depth or distance in painting by modifying the tone or hue and distinctness of objects perceived as receding from the picture plane, especially by reducing distinctive local colors and contrasts of light and dark to a uniform light bluish-gray color

A

Atmospheric perspective

51
Q

Define

Pictorial cues

A

any information conveyed to the observer of a two-dimensional image that gives the impression of 3-dimensional image

52
Q

Definition

the difference in image location of an object seen by the left and right eyes, resulting from the eyes’ horizontal separation (parallax)

A

Binocular disparity

53
Q

What are oculomotor cues based on?

A

Oculomotor cues are based on sensing the position of the eyes and muscle tension

54
Q

What is the range of effectiveness for atmospheric perspective?

A

Very far (30+m)

55
Q

Definition

cell in the visual cortex that receives inputs from both eyes and responds only when the binocular disparity is within certain predetermined limits, thus providing a basis for stereopsis

A

Disparity-selective cells

56
Q

Define

Uncrossed disparity

A

the binocular disparity produced by images that lie beyond the horopter in visual space

57
Q

List the different monocular/pictorial cues for depth perception

A
  • Occlusion - when one object partially covers another
  • Relative height - objects below the horizon that are higher in the field of vision are more distant
    • Objects above the horizon lower in the visual field are more distant
  • Relative size - when objects are equal size, the closer one will take up more of your visual field
  • Perspective convergence - parallel lines appear to come together in the distance
  • Familiar size - distance information based on our knowledge of object size
  • Atmospheric perspective - distance objects are fuzzy and have a blue tint (on a clear day)
  • Texture gradient - equally spaced elements are more closely packed as distance increases
  • Shadows - indicate where objects are located – Enhance 3-D of objects
58
Q

Define

Corresponding retinal points

A

Two points (or small areas), one in each retina, which when simultaneously stimulated give rise to the perception of a single object. These points share a common line of direction and this explains why stimulating them is perceived as arising from the same point in space

59
Q

What is the range of effectiveness for motion parallax?

A

Near to moderately far (0-20m)

60
Q

Definition

a geometric illusion in which two lines of equal length appear unequal depending on whether angular lines forming arrowheads at each end point toward or away from each other

A

Muller-Lyer illusion

61
Q

Definition

a line or surface containing all those points in space of which images fall on corresponding points of the retinas of the two eyes

A

Horopter

62
Q

Definition

difference in its angular distance from the fovea in the two eyes

A

Absolute disparity

63
Q

Define

Stereopsis

A

the perception of depth produced by the reception in the brain of visual stimuli from both eyes in combination; binocular vision

64
Q

Define

Ames room

A

a distorted room that creates an optical illusion

65
Q

What does the cue approach to depth perception focus on?

A

This approach focuses on information in the retinal image that is correlated with depth in the scene.

66
Q

Definition

is the distortion in size which closer objects have compared to objects farther away

A

Texture gradient

67
Q

Definition

a perceptual clue which allows you to determine how close objects are to an object of known size

A

Relative size

68
Q

Definition

the phenomenon of items associated to the same cue as the target blocking the successful retrieval of that target, through strength dependent response competition

A

Occlusion

69
Q

Definition

the fact that our peceptions of the size of objects are relatively constant despite the fact that the size of objects on the retina vary greatly with distance

A

Size constancy

70
Q

What are the two main types of oculomotor cues?

A
  • Ocular Convergence - inward movement of the eyes when we focus on nearby objects
  • Accommodation - change in the shape of the lens when we focus on objects at different distances
71
Q

Definition

the binocular disparity produced by images that lie beyond the horopter in visual space

A

Uncrossed disparity

72
Q

Define

Conflicting cues theory

A

a theory of visual illusions proposed by R. H. Day, which states that our perception of line length depends on an integration of the actual line length and the overall figure length

73
Q

Definition

proposes that the horizon Moon looks larger than the zenith Moon because it looks farther away

A

Apparent distance theory

74
Q

Definition

a monocular depth cue in which we view objects that are closer to us as moving faster than objects that are further away from us

A

Motion parallax

75
Q

Definition

parallel lines appear to come together in the distance

A

Perspective convergence

76
Q

Define

Ocular convergence

A

inward movement of the eyes when we focus on nearby objects

77
Q

Define

Angular size contrast theory

A

states that the perceived angular size of the moon is proportional to the perceived angular size of objects around it

78
Q

Define

Size constancy

A

the fact that our peceptions of the size of objects are relatively constant despite the fact that the size of objects on the retina vary greatly with distance

79
Q

Definition

neurons in the visual system that assist in the creation of stereopsis from binocular disparity. They receive inputs from both the right and left eyes and integrate the signals together to create a perception of depth

A

Binocular depth cells

80
Q

Objects that do not fall on the horopter fall on noncorresponding points, making disparate image. The angle between these points is the _____________

A

Objects that do not fall on the horopter fall on noncorresponding points, making disparate image. The angle between these points is the absolute disparity

81
Q

Definition

a visual cue used to judge an object’s distance. It is a monocular cue which means it can provide information about depth peception even by using only one eye

A

Familiar size

82
Q

Define

Absolute disparity

A

difference in its angular distance from the fovea in the two eyes

83
Q

Define

Angle of disparity

A

the angle between two lines of projection . One of which is the real projection from the object to the actual point of projection

84
Q

Define

Moon illusion

A

an optical illusion which causes the Moon to appear larger near the horizon than it does higher up in the sky

85
Q

What is the range of effectiveness for occlusion?

A

Near - very far

86
Q

Definition

objects below the horizon that are higher in the field of vision are more distant

A

Relative height

87
Q

What is the size-distance scaling equation?

A

S = K(RD)

where K is as constant; R is retinal image size; D is perceived distance

88
Q

How can relative size explain the Ames Room?

A
  • Perception of size depends on size relative to other objects.
  • One woman fills the distance between the top and bottom of the room.
  • The other woman only fills part of the distance
  • Thus, the woman on the right appears taller
89
Q

Definition

a device by which two photographs of the same object taken at slightly different angles are viewed together, creating an impression of depth and solidity

A

Stereoscope

90
Q

Definition

Two points (or small areas), one in each retina, which when simultaneously stimulated give rise to the perception of a single object. These points share a common line of direction and this explains why stimulating them is perceived as arising from the same point in space

A

Corresponding retinal points

91
Q

Define

Deletion

A

the gradual occlusion of a moving object as it passes behind another object

92
Q

Define

Apparent distance theory

A

proposes that the horizon Moon looks larger than the zenith Moon because it looks farther away

93
Q

Define

Binocular depth cells

A

neurons in the visual system that assist in the creation of stereopsis from binocular disparity. They receive inputs from both the right and left eyes and integrate the signals together to create a perception of depth

94
Q

Define

Random-dot stereogram

A

stereo pair of images of random dots which when viewed with the aid of a stereoscope, or with the eyes focused on a point in front of or behind the images, produces a sensation of depth, with objects appearing to be in front of or behind the display level

95
Q

Define

Occlusion

A

the phenomenon of items associated to the same cue as the target blocking the successful retrieval of that target, through strength dependent response competition

PSY3051 (11 decks)

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