Vision I

Question 1

How many layers does the retina have?

Answer 1

Three

Question 2

How many cell types does the retina have?

Answer 2

Five

Question 3

Function of the retina?

Answer 3

Transduction and transmission

Question 4

What are the three layers of the retina?

Answer 4

Outer nuclear layer (ONL), inner nuclear layer (INL), ganglion cell layer (GCL)

Question 5

What are the cell types present in the retina?

Answer 5

Photoreceptor, bipolar cell, ganglion cell, amacrine cell, horizontal cell

Question 6

Photoreceptors can be divided into:

Answer 6

Rods and cones

Question 7

Function of rods?

Answer 7

Black and white vision, movement

Question 8

Function of cones?

Answer 8

Color vision

Question 9

Subtypes of cones?

Answer 9

short-wave (blue), medium-wave (green), long-wave (red)

Question 10

Function of photoreceptors?

Answer 10

Release glutamate to inhibit bipolar cells

Question 11

The fovea has no [insert word] and a high density of [insert word].

Answer 11

Rods, cones

Question 12

The fovea is a blind spot in [insert word] conditions.

Answer 12

Dim-lighted (scotopic)

Question 13

True or False?

Rods are slower to respond than cones.

Answer 13

True

Question 14

True or false?

Rods require 100 photons to activate.

Answer 14

False

Cones require 100 photons to activate while rods only require one.

Question 15

One ganglion requires [insert word] rods and [insert word] cones.

Answer 15

Many, few

Question 16

True or False?

Rods are more sensitive to blue/green than red.

Answer 16

True

Question 17

Which chromosome are L and M cone opsins encoded on?

Answer 17

The X chromosome

Question 18

True or False?

Sensitivity curves differ across species.

Answer 18

True

Question 19

Why does the military use red at night to study maps?

Answer 19

Rods are insensitive to red light and protects night vision.

Question 20

Rods and cones both [insert word] in response to light while they [insert word] in the dark.

Answer 20

hyperpolarize, depolarize

Question 21

[insert word] channels are open in the dark, allowing inward ion current.

Answer 21

Sodium (Na+)

Question 22

Retino-geniculo pathway

Answer 22

Retina, lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), visual cortex (dorsal and ventral stream)

Question 23

Secondary pathway

Answer 23

Retina, superior colliculus, parietal lobe

Question 24

Optic chiasm

Answer 24

Spot where some axons cross hemispheres

Question 25

Optic nerve

Answer 25

Axons of retinal ganglion cells

Question 26

Where does the LGN (thalamus) receive information from contralateral visual field from?

Answer 26

Both eyes

Question 27

Where do LGN neurons project to?

Answer 27

Striate cortex (V1)