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Anatomy & Physiology > Metabolism > Flashcards

Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

What does the body do if net energy change is positive?

A

Stores excess energy by building fat molecules

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2
Q

What does body do if net energy change is negative?

A

Uses stored energy to compensate for energy deficit

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3
Q

What is the percentage of energy released from catabolic reactions as heat?

A

60%

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4
Q

Which chemical bond in ATP is broken to provide energy for cells?

A

The bond between second and third phosphate groups

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5
Q

What are the four major macromolecule groups?

A
  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids
  • Proteins
  • Nucleic acids
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6
Q

What is the most common monosaccharide used for ATP production?

A

Glucose

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7
Q

Where is excess glucose stored in the body?

A
  • In liver and skeletal muslces as glycogen
  • In adipose cells as triglyceride
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8
Q

Which lipid is used most often for energy?

A

Triglycerides

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9
Q

What are some examples of catabolic hormones?

A
  • Cortisol
  • Glucagon
  • Adrenaline/epinephrine
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10
Q

What are some examples of anabolic hormones?

A
  • Growth hormones
  • Insulin
  • Testosterone
  • Estrogen
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11
Q

Define:

Oxidation

A

Electron loss

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12
Q

Define:

Reduction

A

Electron gain

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13
Q

What are the most common coenzymes of redox reactions and what are they reduced to?

A
  • NAD to NADH
  • FAD to FADH2
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14
Q

Where does carbohydrate digestion begin and end?

A

At the mouth with salivary amylase and in the small intestine with monosaccharides absorbed across epithelium

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15
Q

What are the steps of cellular respiration?

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Krebs cycle
  3. Oxidative phosphorylation
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16
Q

How many molecules of ATP are consumed in glycolysis?

A

Two

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17
Q

What is the net result of ATP molecules produced in glycolysis?

A

Four

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18
Q

What are the steps of glycolysis?

A
  • 2 ATP molecules consumed and 2 phosphates transferred to glucose
  • Glucose splits into two three-carbon compounds
  • Additional phosphate added to each molecule
  • Phosphates then removed from both carbon molecules to produce 4 ATP molecules
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19
Q

What are the net products of glycolysis?

A
  • 2 pyruvate molecules
  • 2 ATP molecules
  • 2 NADH molecules
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20
Q

What happens to pyruvate when oxygen is present?

A

Enters the Krebs cycle

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21
Q

What happens to pyruvate when oxygen is limited or absent?

A

Converted to lactic acid

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22
Q

How many pyruvate molecules are produced from glucose in aerobic respiration?

A

Two

23
Q

How many molecules are produced with each round of the Krebs cycle?

A
  • 3 NADH molecules
  • 1 ATP molecule
  • 1 FADH2 molecule
  • CO2 as byproduct
24
Q

What molecule is pyruvate converted into in the Krebs cycle?

A

acetyl-CoA

25
Q

Define:

Oxidative phosphorylation

A

Energy passed through electron carriers to collect energy needed to attach phosphate to ADP to create ATP

26
Q

How many molecules of ATP are produced from the electron transport chain?

A

34

27
Q

Define:

Electron transport chain (ETC)

A

Series of electron carriers and ion pumps used to pump H+ ions out of inner mitochondrial matrix

28
Q

How many ATP molecules are produced in total per glucose molecule in cellular respiration?

A

38

29
Q

Define:

Gluconeogenesis

A

Synthesis of new glucose from pyruvate, lactate, glycerol, alanine, or glutamine

30
Q

Where and when does gluconeogenesis take place?

A

In the liver during low glucose periods

31
Q

Where does lipid metabolism begin?

A

In the intestine

32
Q

Define:

Pancreatic lipases

A

Enzymes that break down fats after being emulsified by bile salts

33
Q

Define:

Chylomicrons

A

Phospholipid vesicles that contain triglycerides

34
Q

Where do chylomicrons go after entering the lymphatic system and being transported into the circulatory system?

A
  • the liver
  • can also be stored as adipocytes
35
Q

Define:

Lipolysis

A
  • Process of breaking down fat molecules into fatty acids and glycerol
36
Q

Where does lipolysis occur in the cell?

A

In the cytoplasm

37
Q

How does glycerol enter the glycolysis pathway?

A

DHAP

38
Q

How much more energy per unit do triglycerides yield compared to carbohydrates and proteins?

A

Two times more

39
Q

Function of fatty acyl carnitine?

A

Transports fatty acids across mitochondrial membrane where it is then converted into fatty acyl CoA and then acetyl CoA

40
Q

Define:

Lipogenesis

A

Creation of lipids from acetyl CoA in adipocytes and hepatocytes

41
Q

How are fatty acids created via lipogenesis?

A

Acetyl CoA adds two carbons from another CoA until fatty acids are sufficient length

42
Q

What are excess proteins converted to?

A

Glucose or triglycerides

43
Q

Process of protein metabolism?

A
  • Enzymes in stomach and small intestine break proteins down into amino acids
  • Pepsin and HCL denature proteins
  • Chyme enters small intestine and pancreas releases sodium bicarbonate to neutralize low pH of HCl to protect lining
  • Small intestine and pancreas release enzymes to break down proteins and amino acids transported across intestinal muscosa
44
Q

What are the three metabolic states?

A
  • Absorptive
  • Postabsorptive
  • Starvation
45
Q

Define:

Absorptive state

A

Occurs after meal during digestion and nutrient absorption

46
Q

Define:

Postabsorptive state

A

Occurs when food has been digested, absorbed, and stored

47
Q

Define:

Starvation state

A

Body is deprived of nourishment for extended period of time

48
Q

When and where does digestion begin?

A

When food enters the mouth

49
Q

What happens to insulin and blood glucose levels during the absorptive state?

A

Insulin levels increase in response to increased blood glucose levels.

50
Q

What happens to blood glucose and insulin levels in the postabsorptive state?

A

Blood glucose levels decrease, causing insulin levels to decrease

51
Q

What is the order of priorities for the body in a starvation state?

A
  1. Provide glucose to brain
  2. Conserve amino acids for proteins
  3. Glycolysis shuts down in cells that can use alternative fuels
52
Q

What is the set point for human body temperature?

A

37 degrees Celsius or 97.7 degrees Fahrenheit

53
Q

What are the mechanisms of heat exchange?

A
  • Conduction
  • Convection
  • Radiation
  • Evaporation
54
Q

Define:

Basal metabolic rate

A

Amount of daily energy expended by humans at rest in neutrally temperate environment in postabsorptive state

Anatomy & Physiology (12 decks)

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