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Anatomy & Physiology > Tissues > Flashcards

Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four types of tissue?

A
  • Epithelial
  • Connective
  • Muscle
  • Nervous
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2
Q

Where is epithelial tissue located?

A
  • Exterior surfaces of body
  • Lining of internal cavities and passageways
  • Forms certain glands
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3
Q

Where is connective tissue usually found?

A
  • Binds cells and organs together
  • Protects and supports all parts of body
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4
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

A
  • Skeletal muscle
  • Smooth muscle
  • Cardiac muscle
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5
Q

Function of nervous tissue?

A
  • Allows propagation of nerve impulses for communication in body
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6
Q

What are the three major cell lineages established within the embryo?

A
  • Ectoderm
  • Mesoderm
  • Endoderm
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7
Q

In which layer does epithelial tissue originate in?

A

All three layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm)

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8
Q

In which layer does nervous tissue primarily originate from?

A

Ectoderm

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9
Q

In which layer does muscle tissue primarily originate from?

A

Mesoderm

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10
Q

What are the two types of tissue membranes?

A
  • Connective
  • Epithelial
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11
Q

Function of connective tissue?

A

Support and protect tissues and organs

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12
Q

What are the categories of connective tissue?

A
  • Loose and dense
  • Supportive
  • Fluid
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13
Q

Where are connective membranes generally found in the body?

A

In the lining of movable joints and around organs

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14
Q

Where are epithelial membranes generally found in the body?

A

In the lining of body cavities and hollow passageways that open to external environment

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15
Q

Function of epithelial tissue?

A
  • Protects internal environment
  • Controls material exchange between internal and external environment
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16
Q

Which tissue type is most prone to genetic mutations and cancer?

A

Epithelial

This is due to epithelial tissue regularly dividing and reproducing throughout their lifespan due to wear and tear.

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17
Q

What are the five functional types of epithelia?

A
  • Exchange
  • Transporting
  • Ciliated
  • Protective
  • Secretory
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18
Q

What is the function of tight junctions?

A
  • Separates cells into apical and basal compartments
  • Creates blood-brain barrier
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19
Q

What is the function of anchoring/adhesive junctions?

A

Stabilizes epithelial cells

Common on lateral and basal cell surfaces

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20
Q

What are the three types of anchoring/adhesive junctions?

A
  • Desmosomes
  • Hemidesmosomes
  • Adherens
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21
Q

What is the function of gap junctions?

A

Form intercellular passageways between adjacent cell membranes to allow ion/molecule movement

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22
Q

Define:

Cadherins

A

Adhesion molecules embedded in patches, important for holding cells together

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23
Q

Define:

Integrins

A

Adhesion proteins

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24
Q

Define:

Squamous cell shape

A

Flat, thin

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25
Q

Define:

Cuboidal cell shape

A

Boxy

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26
Q

Define:

Columnar cell shape

A

Rectangular, taller

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27
Q

Define:

Simple cell layer

A
  • One cell layer
  • Basal lamina (thin layer of extracellular matrix between cells)
28
Q

Define:

Stratified cell layer

A

Multiple cell layers

29
Q

Define:

Transitional stratified cell layer

A

Specialized stratified epithelium in which cell shape varies

30
Q

Define:

Pseudostratified cell layer

A

Single layer of irregularly shaped cells that look like multiple layers

31
Q

Define:

Gland

A

Structure made up of one or more cells modified to synthesize and secrete chemical substances

32
Q

What are the two types of glands?

A
  • Exocrine
  • Endocrine
33
Q

Define:

Endocrine gland

A
  • Ductless, release secretions directly into surrounding tissues and fluids
34
Q

What is the function of endocrine glands?

A
  • Secrete hormones into interstitial fluid
  • Coordinate regulation and integration of body responses
35
Q

Define:

Exocrine glands

A

Release contents via duct to epithelial surface

36
Q

What are the two types of exocrine glands?

A
  • Goblet cells (unicellular)
  • Serous glands (multicellular)
37
Q

Exocrine glands can be classified by:

A
  • Mode of secretion
  • Nature of substances released
  • Structure of glands/duct shape
38
Q

What is the most common type of exocrine secretion?

A

Merocrine secretion

39
Q

What are the types of glandular secretion?

A
  • Merocrine secretion
  • Apocrine secretion
  • Holocrine secretion
40
Q

Define:

Merocrine secretion

A

Cell remains intact

41
Q

Define:

Apocrine secretion

A

Accumulates near apical portion of cell and portion is pinched off and released

42
Q

Define:

Holocrine secretion

A

Involves rupture and destruction of entire gland cell

43
Q

What is the function of fixed cells?

A
  • Local maintenance
  • Tissue repair
  • Energy storage
44
Q

What are the type of fixed cells?

A
  • Fibrocytes
  • Adipocytes
  • Mesenchymal cells
45
Q

What is the function of mobile cells?

A

Defense

46
Q

What are the three main types of connective tissue fibers?

A
  • Collagen fibers
  • Elastic fibers
  • Reticular fibers
47
Q

What is the function of collagen fibers?

A
  • Resist stretching
  • Hold connective tissues together during movement
48
Q

What are the properties of elastic fibers?

A

Returns to original shape after being stretched/compressed

49
Q

Where are reticular fibers mostly found?

A

In soft organs such as liver/spleen

50
Q

What is the function of loose connective tissue?

A

Allows water, salts, and nutrients to diffuse through adjacent/embedded cells/tissues

51
Q

Adipose tissue consists mostly of:

A

Fat storage cells with little extracellular matrix

52
Q

What are the two types of dense connective tissues?

A
  • Regular dense
  • Irregular dense
53
Q

How are collagen fibers arranged in regular dense connective tissue?

A

Parallel to one another

54
Q

How are collagen fibers arranged in irregular dense connective tissue?

A

In mesh-like network

55
Q

What are the three types of supportive connective tissues?

A
  • Hyaline cartilage
  • Fibrocartilage
  • Elastic cartilage
56
Q

Define:

Hyaline cartilage

A
  • Most common
  • Smooth surface
  • Short and dispersed
  • Found in rib cage, nose
57
Q

Define:

Fibrocartilage

A
  • Tough, thick collagen fibers dispersed throughout matrix
58
Q

Define:

Elastic cartilage

A
  • Contains elastic fibers, collagen, and proteoglycans
  • Gives support and elasticity
59
Q

What is the function of bone tissue?

A

Protects internal organs and supports body

60
Q

What feature of bone tissue allows for quick recovery from injuries?

A

High vascularization

61
Q

What type of connective tissue would bone tissue be classified as?

A

Supportive connective tissue

62
Q

What type of connective tissue is blood classified as?

A

Fluid connective tissue

63
Q

What are the two types of cells found in blood?

A
  • Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
  • Leukocytes (white blood cells)
64
Q

What is the function of red blood cells?

A

Transports oxygen and carbon dioxide

65
Q

What is the function of white blood cells?

A

Defends against harmful microorganisms or molecules

Anatomy & Physiology (12 decks)

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