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Anatomy & Physiology > Central Nervous System > Flashcards

Central Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Areas of the brain?

A
  • Cerebral cortex
  • Diencephalon
  • Brainstem
  • Cerebellum
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2
Q

Lobes of cerebral cortex?

Brodmann’s areas

A

Occipital, temporal, parietal, Postcentral gyrus, frontal lobe, precentral gyrus

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3
Q

Function of the occipital lobe?

A

Vision

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4
Q

Function of temporal lobe?

A

Auditory sensation, memory

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5
Q

Function of parietal lobe?

A

Somatosensation

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6
Q

Postcentral gyrus

A

primary somatosensory cortex

Responsible for proprioception

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7
Q

Function of frontal lobe?

A

Motor function

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8
Q

Function of precentral gyrus?

A

Primary motor cortex

Responsible for planned movements, language/speech

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9
Q

The diencephalon consists of:

A

Thalamus and hypothalamus

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10
Q

The brainstem consists of:

A

Midbrain, pons, medulla

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11
Q

Function of hippocampus and amygdala?

A

Long-term memory formation and emotional responses

Located in medial lobe

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12
Q

Function of basal nuclei?

A

Motivational/approach-related movement

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13
Q

The corpus striatum consists of:

A

Caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus

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14
Q

What is the caudate nucleus?

A

Long C-structure that follows cerebrum

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15
Q

The peripheral nervous system consists of:

A

Everything else other than brain and spinal cord

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16
Q

What is a ganglion?

A

Bundle of neuron cell bodies in peripheral nervous system

Used to describe some structures in CNS (ex. basal ganglia)

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17
Q

Cell types making up nervous tissue:

A

Glial cells and neurons

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18
Q

Function of glial cell?

A

Provide scaffolding and support structures for neurons and functions

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19
Q

True or False?

Glial cells can reproduce.

A

True

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20
Q

True or False?

Glial cells can produce nerve impulses.

A

False

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21
Q

Function of Neuron?

A

Communicates info within nervous system via nerve impulse conduction

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22
Q

True or False

Neurons are larger than glial cells.

A

True

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23
Q

True or False?

Neurons can have multiple processes from the soma.

A

True

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24
Q

True or False?

Neurons only have one axon emerging from the cell body and projecting nerve impulses to target cells.

A

True

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25
Q

Function of Myelin sheath?

A

Protects axon and promotes rapid transmission of info

Made from glial cells

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26
Q

Function of Node of Ranvier?

A

Allows ions to diffuse in/out of neuron for efficient propagation of nerve impulse

Formed from gaps in myelin sheath

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27
Q

Function of Dendrites?

A

Receive info from other neurons

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28
Q

Unipolar neuron consists of:

A

One process and includes both axon and dendrite

Receives sensory information

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29
Q

Bipolar neuron consists of:

A

Two processes and one axon and one dendrite

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30
Q

Location of bipolar neurons?

A

Mainly found in olfactory epithelium and retina

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31
Q

Multipolar neuron consists of:

A

Multiple processes, one axon and two or more dendrites

32
Q

Gray matter consists of:

A

Cell bodies and dendrites

33
Q

White matter consists of:

A

Myelin-insulated axons

34
Q

Define:

Resting membrane potential

A

~60–70 mV, steady state of cell maintained via ion leakage and pumping

35
Q

True or False?

There is more negative charge inside the neuron than outside the neuron.

A

True

36
Q

How do neurons mantain negative internal charge?

A
  • Selective membrane permeability
  • Concentration gradient
  • Electrostatic force
  • Sodium-potassium pump
37
Q

Define:

Depolarization

A

Cell becomes more positive and moves towards zero until threshold reached to get AP

38
Q

Define:

Repolarization

A

K+ voltage-gated channels begin opening and returns membrane potential to -70 mV

39
Q

Define:

Hyperpolarization

A

K+ voltage-gated channels remain open, delay in closing results in hyperpolarization

40
Q

True or False?

Action potentials are all-or-none.

A

True

41
Q

True or False?

Stronger stimuli equal larger action potentials (AP).

A

False

Stronger stimuli can initiate multiple APs more quickly though.

42
Q

True or false?

All action potentials peak at the same voltage (+30 mV) and take place within ~2 ms.

A

True

43
Q

Define:

Refractory period

A

Period of time where AP cannot be initiated due to other AP in progress

44
Q

Process of action potential

A
  1. AP initiated at beginning of axon
  2. Signal propagates down axon due to Na+ channels opening
  3. Depolarization
  4. Signal terminates at axon terminal
45
Q

Continuous conduction

A

Propagation along unmyelinated axon

46
Q

Definition

Saltatory conduction

A

Propagation along myelinated axon

47
Q

Definition

Graded potentials

A

Local changes in membrane potentials that vary in size

48
Q

What are depolarizing graded potentials caused by?

A

Sodium or calcium ions entering the cell

49
Q

What are hyperpolarizing graded potentials caused by?

A

Potassium leaving cell or chlorine entering cell

50
Q

Definition

Postsynaptic potential

A

Graded potential in dendrites receiving synapses from other cells

51
Q

Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)

A

Causes membrane potential to move towards threshold, more positive

52
Q

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)

A

Causes membrane potential to move away from threshold, more negative

53
Q

Ion channels are categorized by:

A

Charge or size of channel

54
Q

Non-specific channel

A

Selective for charge but not necessarily for size

55
Q

Ligand-gated channel

A

Neurotransmitter binds to extracellular portion of ion channel

56
Q

Mechanically-gated channel

A

Opens because of physical change in cell membrane

57
Q

Leakage channel

A

Randomly gated, helps particles cross cell membrane

58
Q

Sensation

A
  • Receives information about external environment
  • Registers changes in homeostasis or in response to stimuli
59
Q

Examples of sensory systems:

A

Vision, audition, somatosensory, olfaction, taste

60
Q

Function of sensory systems?

A

Provides CNS with representation of external world and translates sensory information into a signal the brain can understand

Requires ascending mechanisms from receptor into CNS and descending mechanisms that sort through stimuli and influence ascending inputs

61
Q

Define:

Integration

A

Typically occurs before response, sensory info from various receptors/structures transferred to nervous system for processing

62
Q

Define:

Response

A

Produced by nervous system in response to stimuli as perceived by sensory structures

63
Q

Perception

A

Conscious experience from stimulation of senses

64
Q

Bottom-up processing

A

Occurs based on incoming data

65
Q

Top-down processing

A

Based on knowledge

66
Q

Sensory coding

A

Interpreting neural firing patterns as info about stimulus

67
Q

Stimulus qualities encoded:

A
  • Modality (light, sound, touch, etc.)
  • Intensity
  • Timing/duration
68
Q

Common principles of all sensory systems:

A
  • Receptors (specialized cells)
  • Peripheral organization & processing
  • Central pathways & processing
  • Sensory cortices
69
Q

Convergence

A

Information from many receptors sent to one ganglion neuron

70
Q

Divergence

A

Each receptor sends information to multiple ganglion neurons

71
Q

Labeled lines

A

Whenever particular population of neurons is active, specific stimulus is perceived consciously

72
Q

Take-home

A

PNS organized into labeled lines dedicated to each sense

73
Q

Blue DRG

A

Touch sensation

74
Q

Red DRG

A

Pain sensation

75
Q

Labeled lines receptors are selective in:

A

What activates them and to which cells they communicate

Anatomy & Physiology (12 decks)

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