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Anatomy & Physiology > Cellular Level of Organization > Flashcards

Cellular Level of Organization Flashcards

1
Q

Function of cell membrane?

A
  • Protects cell
  • Regulates materials entering/leaving cell
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1
Q

Define:

Phospholipid bilayer

A

Two adjacent layers of phospholipids arranged tail to tail

The polar phosphate heads are attracted to water in ICF and ECF while the nonpolar tails keep fluid from entering the intermembrane space.

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2
Q

What are the two types of integral proteins?

A
  • Receptor proteins
  • Glycoproteins
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3
Q

Function of a receptor protein?

A
  • Selectively binds molecules externally to induce internal changes
  • Identify cell for recognition by other cells
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4
Q

Define:

Glycoprotein

A

Protein embedded in cell membrane that has carbohydrate attached, extends into extracellular matrix

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5
Q

Function of glycoprotein?

A

Help signal cell identity

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6
Q

The structure of the lipid bilayer only allows what substance to pass via simple diffusion?

A

Small non-polar substances

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7
Q

Define:

Diffusion

A

Movement of particles from area of high concentration to area of low concentration

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8
Q

Define:

Osmosis

A

Diffusion of water

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9
Q

Define:

Sodium-potassium pump

A

Type of active transport found in membranes of nerve cells

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10
Q

Define:

Endocytosis

A

Ingests material by wrapping it with part of cell membrane and pinching it off to form intracellular vesicle

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11
Q

What are the three types of endocytosis?

A
  • Phagocytosis
  • Pinocytosis
  • Receptor-mediated endocytosis
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12
Q

Define:

Exocytosis

A

Vesicles inside cell fuse with cell membrane, releasing contents of vesicle outside of the cell

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13
Q

Function of rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

A
  • Protein synthesis
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14
Q

Function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

A
  • stores and regulates calcium
  • metabolizes carbohydrates
  • breaks down toxins
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15
Q

Function of Golgi apparatus?

A

Sorts, modifies, and ships products from rough ER and produces lysosomes

16
Q

Function of lysosomes?

A

Break down and digest material

17
Q

Function of mitochondria?

A

Convert stored energy (glucose) into ATP

18
Q

Function of peroxisomes?

A
  • Lipid metabolism
  • Chemical detoxification
  • Hydrogen peroxide production
19
Q

Function of cytoskeleton?

A
  • Maintains structure
  • Cell motility
  • Cell reproduction
  • Transportation of materials within cell
20
Q

What are the three types of fibrous proteins that make up the cytoskeleton?

A
  • Microfilaments
  • Intermediate filaments
  • Microtubules
21
Q

Function of microtubules?

A

Maintain cell shape and structure

22
Q

Function of cilia?

A

Move constantly

Example: Lung cells have cilia to move dust away from lungs towards mouth.

23
Q

Function of flagella?

A

Locomotion

Only flagellated cell in humans is sperm cell.

24
Q

Function of microfilaments?

A

Help with muscle contraction and cell division

25
Q

Function of intermediate filaments?

A
  • Maintains cell structure and shape
  • Resists tension
26
Q

Function of nucleus?

A
  • Control center
  • Contains genetic material
27
Q

Function of nuclear pores?

A

Allow proteins, RNA, and solutes to pass between nucleus and cytoplasm

28
Q

Where is RNA produced?

A

In the nucleolus

29
Q

Chromatin is composed of:

A

DNA and proteins

30
Q

What are the four DNA bases?

A
  • Adenine
  • Thymine
  • Cytosine
  • Guanine

Adenine binds with thymine; cytosine binds with guanine.

31
Q

Define:

Transcription

A

RNA assembled by RNA polymerase from one DNA strand

32
Q

Define:

Initiation (transcription)

A

Promoter attaches to base, triggering transcription

33
Q

Define:

Elongation (transcription)

A
  • RNA polymerase unwinds DNA segment
  • builds mRNA by aligning correct complimentary bases
34
Q

Define:

Termination (transcription)

A
  • When termination sequence reached, RNA is separated from gene.
  • End of transcription
35
Q

Define:

Translation

A

Process of creating polypeptide from mRNA strand

36
Q

Initiation (translation)

A
  • Ribosome binds to mRNA
37
Q

Elongation (transcription)

A
  • Binding of correct anticodons from tRNA to codons on mRNA
38
Q

Termination (translation)

A
  • Final codon on mRNA reached, stopping translation
  • Protein is released

Anatomy & Physiology (12 decks)

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