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Anatomy & Physiology > Bones > Flashcards

Bones Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

A
  • Support
  • Enables movement
  • Protection
  • Blood cell production
  • Stores and releases minerals and fats
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2
Q

What type of tissue does yellow bone marrow store?

A

Adipose tissue

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3
Q

Where does hematopoiesis (blood cell production) take place?

A

Red bone marrow

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4
Q

What are the two parts of long bones?

A
  • Diaphysis
  • Epiphysis
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5
Q

Define:

Diaphysis

A
  • Tubular shaft between proximal and distal ends of bone
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6
Q

Define:

Medullary cavity

A

Hollow center of diaphysis, filled with yellow marrow

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7
Q

What are the walls of the diaphysis made of?

A

Compact bone

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8
Q

Define:

Epiphysis

A

Ends of proximal and distal bone

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9
Q

Where do the epiphysis and diaphysis meet?

A

At the metaphysis

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10
Q

Define:

Epiphyseal plate

A

Growth plate, contained in the metaphysis

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11
Q

Define:

Endosteum

A

Lining of inner surface of medullary cavity

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12
Q

Define:

Periosteum

A

Surrounds outer surface of bone

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13
Q

What are the three types of bone markings?

A
  • Articulations
  • Projections
  • Hole
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14
Q

Define:

Articulation

A

Where two bone surfaces come together

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15
Q

Define:

Projection

A

Area of bone that projects above bone surface, where tendons and ligaments attach

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16
Q

Define:

Hole

A

Opening or groove that allows blood vessels and nerves to enter bone

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17
Q

Where does bone get its hardness and strength?

A

Hydroxyapatite crystals forming on collagen fibers

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18
Q

What are the four types of bone cells?

A
  • Osteocyte
  • Osteoblast
  • Osteogenic cell
  • Osteoclast
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19
Q

What is the function of osteoblasts?

A

Forms new bone

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20
Q

Where are osteoblasts found?

A

Periosteum and endosteum (growing portions of bone)

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21
Q

What is the function of osteocytes?

A

Maintain mineral concentration of bone matrix

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22
Q

How do osteocytes communicate with each other?

A

Long cytoplasmic processes that extend through canaliculi, channels within bone matrix

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23
Q

Define:

Osteogenic cells

A

Undifferentiated bone cells with high mitotic activity

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24
Q

What is the function of osteoclasts?

A

Breakdown of bone

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25
Q

Where is cortical/compact bone found?

A

Under periosteum and in diaphysis

26
Q

What is the function of compact bone?

A

Provides support and protection

27
Q

Define:

Osteon

A

Structural unit of cortical bone

28
Q

Define:

Lamellae

A

Concentric rings of calcified matrix, makes up osteon

29
Q

Define:

Haversian/central canal

A
  • Contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels
  • runs down center of each osteon
30
Q

Define:

Perforating/Volkmann’s canals

A
  • Extends to periosteum and endosteum
  • location where vessels and nerves branch off at right angles
31
Q

Where are osteocytes located?

A

Lacunae

32
Q

Define:

Trabeculae

A

Lattice-like network of matrix spikes that contain lacunae and osteocytes

33
Q

Where do arteries enter in the bone?

A

Via the nutrient foramen

34
Q

What are the two osteogenic pathways?

A
  • Intramembranous ossification
  • Endochondral ossification
35
Q

What are the types of bones formed by intramembranous ossification?

A
  • Flat facial bones
  • Most cranial bones
  • Clavicles
36
Q

What type of bones are formed via endochondral ossification?

A

Bones at base of skull and long bones

37
Q

Why does endochondral ossification take longer than intramembranous ossification?

A

Cartilage serves as a template to be entirely replaced by new bone.

38
Q

Define:

Primary ossification center

A

Region deep in periosteal collar where ossification begins

39
Q

Define:

Secondary ossification center

A

New center of activity within the epiphyseal regions where matrix mineralization, chondrocyte death, cell cell invasion from periosteum, and osteogenic cells becoming osteoblasts occurs

40
Q

Where does longitudinal bone growth occur?

A

In the epiphyseal plate

41
Q

What are the two sides of the epiphyseal plate?

A
  • Epiphyseal side
  • Diaphyseal side
42
Q

Which side of the epiphyseal side does cartilage form?

A

Epiphyseal side

43
Q

Which side of the epiphyseal plate is cartilage ossified?

A

Diaphyseal side

44
Q

Define:

Appositional growth

A

Growth of bone diameter

45
Q

Define:

Joint

A

Area where adjacent bone(s) and cartilage come together

46
Q

What are the three types of functional joints?

A
  • Synarthrosis
  • Amphiarthrosis
  • Diarthrosis
47
Q

What are the three types of structural joints?

A
  • Fibrous joint
  • Cartilaginous joint
  • Synovial joint
48
Q

Define:

Synarthrosis

A

Immobile joint

49
Q

Define:

Amphiarthrosis

A

Slightly moveable joint

50
Q

Define:

Diarthrosis

A

Freely moveable joint

51
Q

What are most cartilaginous joints functionally classified as?

A
  • Synarthrosis
  • Amphiarthrosis
52
Q

What are all synovial joints functionally classified as?

A

Diarthrosis

53
Q

What are some examples of synarthrosis joints?

A
  • Sutures
  • Manubriosternal joint
54
Q

What are some examples of amphiarthrosis joints?

A
  • Intervertebral disc
  • Pubic symphysis in pelvis
55
Q

Diarthroses can be classified as:

A
  • Uniaxial
  • Biaxial
  • Multiaxial
56
Q

Define:

Fibrous joint

A

Adjacent bones united by fibrous connective tissue

57
Q

Define:

Cartilaginous joint

A

Bones joined by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage

58
Q

Define:

Synovial joint

A

Articulating surfaces not directly connected but come into contact via joint cavity filled with synovial fluid

59
Q

What are the three types of fibrous joints?

A
  • Suture
  • Syndesmosis
  • Gomphosis
60
Q

What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?

A
  • Synchondrosis
  • Symphysis
61
Q

Define:

Bursa

A

Thin connective tissue sac filled with fluid to prevent friction between skin, muscle, or tendon with underlying bone

62
Q

What are the six types of synovial joints?

A
  • Pivot
  • Hinge
  • Saddle
  • Plane
  • Condyloid
  • Ball-and-socket

Anatomy & Physiology (12 decks)

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