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Anatomy & Physiology > Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the organization of levels in human body?

A
  • Chemical
  • Cellular
  • Tissue
  • Organ
  • Organ system
  • Organism
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2
Q

What is the smallest unit?

A

Atom

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3
Q

Define:

Molecule

A

Formed from two or more atoms, smallest independently functioning unit of living organisms

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4
Q

Define:

Organ

A

Anatomically-distinct structure composed of two or more tissue types

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5
Q

Define:

Organ system

A

Group of organs working together to perform major function or meet physiological need

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6
Q

Anatomy is the study of:

A

Body structure

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7
Q

Physiology is the study of:

A

Function

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8
Q

Define:

Mechanistic

A

“how”, process

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9
Q

Define:

Telelogical

A

“why”, function

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10
Q

Function of the integumentary system?

A

Encloses internal body structures and hosts sensory receptors

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11
Q

The integumentary system consists of:

A
  • Hair
  • Skin
  • Nails
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12
Q

Function of the muscular system?

A

Enables movement and helps maintain body temperature

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13
Q

The muscular system consists of:

A
  • Skeletal muscles
  • Tendons
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14
Q

Function of the endocrine system?

A

Secretes hormones and regulates bodily processes

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15
Q

The endocrine system consists of:

A
  • Pituitary gland
  • Thyroid gland
  • Pancreas
  • Adrenal gland
  • Testes/Ovaries
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16
Q

Function of the nervous system?

A

Detects and processes sensory information and activates bodily responses

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17
Q

The nervous system consists of:

A
  • Brain
  • Spinal cord
  • Peripheral nerves
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18
Q

Function of the cardiovascular system?

A

Delivers oxygens and nutrients to tissues and equalizes body temperature

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19
Q

The cardiovascular system consists of:

A
  • Heart
  • Blood vessels
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20
Q

Function of lymphatic system?

A

Returns fluid to blood and defends against pathogens

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21
Q

The lymphatic system consists of:

A
  • Thymus
  • Lymph nodes
  • Spleen
  • Lymphatic vessels
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22
Q

Function of digestive system?

A

Processes food for use by body and removes waste from undigested food

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23
Q

The digestive system consists of:

A
  • Stomach
  • Liver
  • Gallbladder
  • Large and small intestines
24
Q

Function of respiratory system?

A

Removes carbon dioxide from body and delivers oxygen to blood

25
Q

The respiratory system consists of:

A
  • Nasal passage
  • Trachea
  • Lungs
26
Q

Function of urinary system?

A

Controls water balance and removes waste from blood and excretes them

27
Q

The urinary system consists of:

A
  • Kidney
  • Urinary bladder
28
Q

Function of reproductive system?

A

Produces sex hormones and gametes

29
Q

The reproductive system consists of:

A
  • Epididymis
  • Testes
  • Mammary glands
  • Ovaries
  • Uterus
30
Q

Major functions of organ systems?

A
  • Organization
  • Metabolism
  • Responsiveness
  • Movement
  • Development
  • Reproduction
31
Q

Define:

Anabolism

A

Builds complex substances from simpler molecules

32
Q

Define:

Catabolism

A

Breaks down complex substances into smaller molecules

33
Q

Define:

Homeostasis

A

Self-regulating processes

34
Q

Define:

Law of Mass Balance

A

Amount of substance in body remains constant, gain offset by equal loss

35
Q

Equation for mass flow:

A

Mass flow = concentration * volume flow

36
Q

Define:

Coronal plane

A

Divides body into dorsal and ventral planes

37
Q

Define:

Transverse plane

A

Divides body into superior and inferior planes

38
Q

Define:

Sagittal plane

A

Divides body into left and right planes

39
Q

The ventral cavity consists of:

A
  • Thoracic cavity
  • Abdominopelvic cavity
40
Q

The dorsal cavity consists of:

A
  • Cranial cavity
  • Vertebral cavity
41
Q

The serous membrane lines the:

A

Pericardial cavity

42
Q

Define:

Computed tomography (CT)

A

Non-invasive method used to analyze cross-sectional x-rays

43
Q

Advantage(s) of CT?

A

Ideal for scanning soft tissues and diagnostic evaluations

44
Q

Disadvantage(s) of CT?

A

Radiation level much higher than that of x-rays

45
Q

Define:

X-ray

A

High energy electromagnetic radiation with short wavelength capable of penetrating solids and ionizing gases

46
Q

Advantages of x-rays?

A

Ideal for hard tissues like bone and teeth

47
Q

Disadvantage(s) of x-rays?

A
  • Can cause cancer
  • Only produce 2D images from one angle
48
Q

Define:

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

A

Non-invasive method that exposes patient to magnetic fields and radio waves

49
Q

Advantage(s) of MRI?

A
  • Ideal for discovery of tumors
  • Produces 2D images with resolution of mm
50
Q

Disadvantage(s) of MRI?

A
  • Loud
  • Can be uncomfortable
  • Expensive
51
Q

Define:

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

A

Detects radioactive emissions by injecting small amount of radioactive tracer into peripheral vein

Commonly used to measure rate of glucose consumption in body to distinguish between benign and malignant tumors

52
Q

Advantage(s) of PET?

A
  • Short time to complete (10 to 40 minutes)
  • Not painful
53
Q

Disadvantage(s) of PET?

A
  • Same amount of radiation as CT
54
Q

Define:

Ultrasonagraphy

A

Uses transmission of high-frequency sound waves into body to generate echo signal that is converted into real-time image

Typically used to study heart function, blood flow in neck or extremities, fetal growth and development, etc.

55
Q

Advantage(s) of ultrasonagraphy?

A
  • Noninvasive
56
Q

Disadvantage(s) of ultrasonagraphy?

A
  • Depends on operator skill
  • Unable to penetrate bone and gas

Anatomy & Physiology (12 decks)

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