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Y2 LCRS Neuroscience and Mental Health > vision > Flashcards

vision Flashcards

eye anatomy: identify the optical and functional anatomical components of the eye

1
Q

diagram of the bony orbit

A

slide 3; made of 3 bones with several holes at back for nerves and blood supply; fractures when hit by non-sharp object (sclera protects eye as very hard)

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2
Q

3 types of tear production

A

basal, reflex (irritation), crying (emotional)

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3
Q

reflex tears: afferent innervation

A

cornea, V1 (opthalmic division of trigeminal)

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4
Q

reflex tears: efferent NS

A

PSNS

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5
Q

reflex tears: neurotransmitter

A

ACh

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6
Q

what produces tears

A

lacrimal gland

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7
Q

movement pathway of tears

A

lacrimal gland -> drains through two puncta opening on medial lid margin -> flows through superior and inferior canaliculi -> gather in tear sac -> exit through tear duct into nose cavity

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8
Q

diagram of lacrimal system

A

slide 4

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9
Q

what does tear film maintain

A

smooth cornea-air surface

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10
Q

3 functions of tear film

A

oxygen supply to cornea (no blood vessels), removal of debris (including blinking), bactericide

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11
Q

3 layers of tear film (external to internal)

A

superficial oily layer, aqueous tear film, mucinous layer

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12
Q

function of superficial oily layer of tear film

A

reduce tear film evaporation (produced by row of Meibomian glands along lid margins)

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13
Q

what is present in aqueous tear film

A

tear gland

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14
Q

function of mucinous layer

A

on corneal surface to maintain surface wetting

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15
Q

what is conjunctiva

A

thin, transparent tissue covering outer surface of eye

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16
Q

location of conjunctiva

A

begins at outer edge of cornea, covering visible part of eye, and lines inside of eyelids; prevents anything entering behind eye (acts as a sac)

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17
Q

what supplies conjunctiva with nutrients, and when are they visible

A

tiny blood vessels; visible in conjunctivitis

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18
Q

diagram of eye

A

slide 6

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19
Q

3 layers of coat of eye (outer to inner)

A

sclera, choroid, retina

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20
Q

3 features of sclera

A

hard, high water content, opaque (white of eye)

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21
Q

features of choroid

A

pigmented, vascular

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22
Q

retina type of tissue

A

neurosensory

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23
Q

function of sclera

A

protective outer coat

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24
Q

what is continuous with sclera anteriorly

A

cornea

25
Q

what is the cornea

A

transparent, dome-shaped window covering front of eye

26
Q

main function of cornea

A

powerful refracting surface, providing 2/3 of focusing power (convex; higher refractive index than air)

27
Q

water content of cornea

A

low

28
Q

2 other functions of cornea

A

physical barrier, infection barrier

29
Q

5 layers of cornea (outer to inner)

A

epithelium, Bowman’s membrane, stroma (thick), Descemet’s membrane, endothelium

30
Q

how does stroma organisation affect transparency

A

regular structure increases transparency

31
Q

what provides nutrients and sensation in stroma

A

corneal nerve endings

32
Q

function of endothelium

A

pumps fluid out of cornea, preventing corneal oedema

33
Q

suscpetibility and consequence of endothelium dysfunction

A

only 1 layer and no regeneration power, with cell density decreasing with age, so dysfunction may result in corneal oedema and cloduiness

34
Q

outcome of hydrating cornea

A

becomes white

35
Q

what is the uvea

A

vascular coat of eye ball, lying between sclera and retina

36
Q

3 parts of uvea (from front to back); significance of being very close)

A

iris, ciliary body, choroid; disease of one part also affects other portions (not necessarily to same degree)

37
Q

location and function of choroid (posterior part of uvea)

A

between retina and sclera; composed of layers of blood vessels that nourish back of eye

38
Q

function of iris

A

coloured part which controls light levels inside eye (embedded with small muscles that dilate or constrict pupil)

39
Q

name of round opening in iris centre

A

pupil

40
Q

location of lens

A

outer acellular capsule

41
Q

structure of lens

A

regular inner elongated cell collagen fibres, which contribute to transparency

42
Q

name of lens loss of transparency

A

cataract

43
Q

3 functions of lens

A

transparency, refractive power (1/3), accomodation (as elastic)

44
Q

what is lens suspended by which causes it to change shape and consequently focus

A

lens zonules (fibrous ring) which consists of passive connective tissue; when contract, push towards themselves, allowing lens to contract

45
Q

diagram of how lens focuses light

A

slide 12; image upside down

46
Q

what is the retina and where is it

A

very thin layer of tissue that lines inner part of eye

47
Q

function of retina

A

capture light rays, which then are sent as impulses to brain via optic nerve

48
Q

where does optic nerve connect

A

back of eye near macula

49
Q

what is the visible portion of optic nerve calles

A

optic disc (most obvious structure; blood vessels become thinner the further forward from optic disc)

50
Q

where is the macula located

A

centre of retina, temporal to optic nerve

51
Q

what is the macula

A

small, highly sensitive part of retina (1:1 photoreceptor to neurone ratio)

52
Q

function of macula

A

detailed central vision (appreciate detail, read etc.)

53
Q

what is the very centre of the macula

A

fovea

54
Q

section of eye in between upper and lower eyelids

A

palpebral fissure

55
Q

name of corners of eye

A

lateral and medial canthus

56
Q

name of white part of eye

A

sclera

57
Q

name of section inside medial canthus (pink structure)

A

caruncle

58
Q

name of dark ring acting as border between cornea and sclera

A

limbus

59
Q

what fills the eye and keeps it in shape

A

vitreous humour

Y2 LCRS Neuroscience and Mental Health (79 decks)

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