sleep Flashcards

sleep: summarise the functions of sleep and clinical examples of sleep disturbance

1
Q

3 classifications of sleep deprivation

A

psychiatric and neurological, neurological, somatic

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2
Q

psychiatric and neurological effects of sleep deprivation

A

sleepiness, irritability, stress, mood fluctuations, depression, impulsivity, hallucinations; risk factor for seizures

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3
Q

neurological effects of sleep deprivation

A

impaired attention, memory, executive function; risk of error and accidents; neurodegeneration

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4
Q

somatic effects of sleep deprivation

A

glucose intolerance, reduced leptin/increased appetite, impaired immunity, increased risk of CVD and cancer, death

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5
Q

what happens to sleep regulation after sleep loss to compensate

A

reduced latency to sleep onset (get to sleep faster), increase of slow wave sleep (NREM), increase of REM sleep (after selective REM sleep deprivation)

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6
Q

4 potential functions of sleep

A

restoration and recovery, energy conservation (10% drop in basal metabolic rate), predator avoidance, specific brain functions (memory consolidation)

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7
Q

when do dreams occur

A

in either REM or NREM, but more frequent and easily recalled in REM

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8
Q

where is brain activity during dreams, and impact on content

A

higher in limbic system than in frontal lobe, so more emotional than “real-

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9
Q

3 possible functions of dreams

A

safety valve for antisocial emotions, disposal of unwanted memories, memory consolidation; may have no function (side effect of brain activity when awake)

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10
Q

types of sleep disorders

A

insomnia, hypersomnia, narcolepsy

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11
Q

duration of insomnia, and impact on life

A

most transient but some chronic; functional impact on life, and are they falling asleep during day because disrupted sleep cycle

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12
Q

2 classifications of chronic insomnia

A

physiological and brain dysfunction

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13
Q

2 causes of physiological chronic insomnia

A

sleep apnoea, chronic pain

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14
Q

3 causes of brain dysfunction chronic insomnia

A

depression, fatal familial insomnia (primary brain neurodegenerative disease), night working

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15
Q

3 treatments for insomnia

A

sleep hygiene, hypnotics, sleep cognitive behavioural therapy

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16
Q

how do hypnotics work when treating insomnia

A

enhance GABAergic circuits

17
Q

how to improve sleep hygiene

A

common sense: fixed times, relaxed routine, comfortable sleep environment, not napping during daytime, avoid caffeine nicotine and alcholol late at night, avoid eating heavy meal at night

18
Q

define hypersomnia

A

excessive daytime sleepiness

19
Q

common causes of hypersomnia

A

obstructive sleep apnoea (keep waking up but don’t remember), restless legs syndrome, nocturnal pain, neurodegenerative disease, medication, noise, anxiety

20
Q

rare causes of hypersomnia

A

oesophageal acid reflux, severe bruxism

21
Q

3 primary causes of hypersomnia

A

narcolepsy, idiopathic hypersomnolence, post-traumatic brain injury

22
Q

subjective test for sleepiness

A

Epworth sleepiness scale

23
Q

define narcolepsy

A

falling asleep repeatedly during day and distrurbed sleep during night

24
Q

3 causes of narcolepsy

A

cataplexy (sudden, brief loss of voluntary muscle tone, often triggered by strong emotions e.g. laughter), dysfunction of control of REM sleep, orexin/hypocretin deficiency

25
effect of shift work on physiological processes
desensitisation leading to sleep disorders, fatigue, increased risk of obesity, diabetes and cancer
26
feedback process of sleep and neurological disease
27
Lewy Body disease
REM sleep disorder behaviour (no muscle atonia so act out dreams); linked to dementia