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Neurology > Vision > Flashcards

Vision Flashcards

1
Q

What can we see?

A

Contrast

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2
Q

What is the pathway of light to the brain?

A

Light -> Photoreceptor -> Bipolar cell -> Ganglion cell

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3
Q

What are the two types of lateral connections found in the visual system?

A

Horizontal cells

Amacrine cells

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4
Q

Where are horizontal cells found?

A

Link 2 photoreceptors or bipolar cells

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5
Q

Where are amacrine cells found?

A

Link 2 bipolar, ganglion cells or amacrine cells

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6
Q

How do AP and NT release relate to light levels?

A

Dark = more current therefore more AP therefore more NT

Light- turns off Na channels therefore less current therefore less AP and NT

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7
Q

What two types of photoreceptor do we have?

A

Rods and cones

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8
Q

When are rods used?

A

Dim light

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9
Q

When are cones used?

A

Day light

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10
Q

Does one ganglion receive input from one photoreceptor?

A

No

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11
Q

How many cones go to one ganglion?

A

Few. Therefore high acuity

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12
Q

How many rods go to one ganglion?

A

Many. Therefore low acuity but high sensitivity

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13
Q

How do we detect different colours?

A

DIfferent opsins that respond differently to different wavelengths

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14
Q

What five things can summarise cones?

A 
Chromatic
Central retina
Low convergence
Low light sensitivity
High visual acuity
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15
Q

What five things can summarise rods?

A 
Achromatic
Peripheral retina
High convergence
High light sensitivity
Low visual acuity
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16
Q

What two pathways are present in the visual pathway?

A

Off pathway

On pathway

17
Q

Describe off pathway

A

Dark: More glutamate from photoR -> IonotropicR on bipolar cells depol them -> Depol ganglion cells
Light decrease signal

18
Q

Describe on pathway

A

Dark: More glutamate from photoR -> MetabotropicR on bipolar cells hyperpol them -> hyperpol ganglion cells.
Light increase signal

19
Q

Why is lateral inhibition important?

A

To decrease noise

20
Q

Describe lateral inhibition

A

Strong stimuli in the middle increases inhibition of neighbouring cells while less stimuli on neighbouring cells inhibit central less

21
Q

What do horizontal cells do and release?

A

Inhibitory interneurons

GABA

22
Q

What NT do photoreceptors release?

A

Glutamate

23
Q

Explain center surround organisation

A

Light inhibits glutamate release in the centre therefore activates ‘On’ bipolar cells. Neighbouring photoreceptors don’t receive light therefore release glutamate onto horizontal cells which release GABA to central PR thus decreasing glutamate even more.

Neurology (30 decks)

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