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Neurology > Pathology > Flashcards

Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four main cells that cerebrovascular disease can damage?

A

Neurons
Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia

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2
Q

How do microglia respond to ischemia?

A

Proliferate and form aggregates around necrotic area

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3
Q

How do oligodendrocytes respond to ischemia?

A

Apoptosis and demyelination

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4
Q

How do astrocytes respond to ischemia?

A

Gliosis

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5
Q

Explain gliosis

A

Astrocyte hypertrophy and hyperplasia

Prominent nuclei

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6
Q

How sensitive are neurons to hypoxia?

A

Very

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7
Q

What are the two forms of damage that can occur to neurons?

A

Acute neuronal injury

Chronic neuronal degradation

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8
Q

What causes acute neuronal injury?

A

Hypoxia -> Necrosis 12-24h after insult

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9
Q

How do cells respond to acute neuronal injury?

A

Swelling of axons
Intense red cytoplasm
Loss of nucleolus
Shrinking and angulation of nuclei

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10
Q

How do cells respond to chronic neuronal degradation?

A

Dark, shrunken and angulated nuclei

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11
Q

What pathology can cell damage caused by ischemia cause?

A

Oedema

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12
Q

What are the four types of oedema?

A

Cytotoxic
Ionic
Vasogenic
Haemorrhagic conversion

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13
Q

What causes cytotoxic oedema?

A

Hypothermia

Intoxication

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14
Q

What causes ionic oedema?

A

Hyponatremia

SIADH

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15
Q

What causes vasogenic oedema?

A

Trauma
Tumors
Inflammation

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16
Q

What is global hypoxic ischemic damage?

A

Damage to the whole brain due to reduced bloodflow

17
Q

What can cause global hypoxic ischemic damage?

A

MI

Hypotension etc

18
Q

How can swelling be seen in the brain?

A

Loss of definition in gyri and sulci.

19
Q

What can coneing cause?

A

Depressed consciousness and resp rate

Neurology (30 decks)

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