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Anatomy > Vision > Flashcards

Vision Flashcards

1
Q

Surface anatomy of eye

A
  • eyebrows, eyelashes
  • PALPEBRAE (eyelids), inferior and superior
  • PALPERBRAL FISSURE (opening between eyelids)
  • CANTHUS/CANTHI, medial and lateral (where palpebrae meet)
  • LACRIMAL CARUNCLE (@ medial canthus
  • CONJUNCTIVA (membrane that forms inner membrane of eyelid)
  • iris + pupil
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2
Q

structure + function of conjunctiva

A

STRUCTURE
- membrane that forms inner membrane of eyelid
- folds in on itself up to level of cornea
BULBAR CONJUNCTIVA
(lines white of eye)
PALPEBRAL CONJUNCTIVA
(lines eyelid)

FUNCTION
- prevents debris from moving into posterior eye
- can also respond to infection (pink eye)

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3
Q

Lacrimal Apparatus

A

LACRIMAL GLAND
- produces tears
LACRIMAL DUCTS
- superior lateral side of eye
- distribute tears from lacrimal glands
tears travel down, but if too many…
PUNCTA
- two small openings @ medial corner of eye
LACRIMAL CANALICULI, superior, inferior
- tubes that collect tears
LACRIMAL SAC
NASOLACRIMAL DUCT
- tears drain into nasal cavity

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4
Q

why does your nose run when you cry?

A

excess tears directed into nasolacrimal duct and out the nose

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5
Q

6 muscles that control eyeball movement

A

4 RECTUS MUSCLES
all attached to anterior sclera portion, extend to eye socket (orbit)
- superior rectus
- inferior rectus
above attached at an angle, can also contribute to medial movement
- medial rectus
- lateral rectus

2 OBLIQUE MUSCLES
rotation of eye
- inferior oblique
- superior oblique (runs through trochlea)

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6
Q

3 main layers of eye (TUNICS)

A
  1. FIBROUS TUNIC (white of eye)
    - SCLERA (posterior)
    - CORNEA (anterior)
  2. VASCULAR TUNIC
    - contains blood supply and melanin
    - CHOROID (posterior)
    - CILIARY BODY
    - IRIS
  3. RETINA (NEURAL TUNIC)
    - contains photoreceptor cells (rods and cones)
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7
Q

sclera structure + function

A

STRUCTURE
- posterior portion of fibrous tunic
- thick connective tissue layer
FUNCTION
- helps maintain shape of eye
- attachment point for extrinsic eye muscles
- protection

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8
Q
A
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9
Q

cornea structure + function

A

STRUCTURE
- anterior portion of fibrous tunic
- transparent + curved
- avascular
FUNCTION
- focus light

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10
Q

ciliary body

A
  • anterior layer in vascular tunic
  • contains smooth muscles that change shape of lens
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11
Q

iris changes diameter of

A

pupil

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12
Q

purpose of melanin in eye and where is it found?

A
  • makes inside surface of eye black
  • improves visual acuity by lessening light reflection in eye
  • found in vascular tunic
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13
Q

eye movement caused by eye muscles

A

medial rectus: medial only
lateral rectus: lateral only
inferior rectus: inferior and medial
superior rectus: superior and medial
inferior oblique: superior and lateral
superior oblique: inferior and lateral

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14
Q

blind spot

A

hole in retina
- allows central retinal artery and vein to enter/exit eye

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15
Q

3 chambers in eye

A

2 in ANTERIOR CAVITY (in front of lens), filled with AQUEOUS HUMOR
- ANTERIOR CHAMBER (between cornea and iris)
- POSTERIOR CHAMBER (between iris and lens)

1 in POSTERIOR CAVITY (behind lens), filled with VITREOUS HUMOR
- VITREOUS CHAMBER

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16
Q

purpose of aqueous humor

A
  • fills anterior cavity of eye
  • helps maintain interocular pressure
  • helps maintain shape of eye
  • provides nutrients for cornea and lens (both avascular)
  • helps with light refraction
17
Q

flow of aqeuous humor

A
  • produced in cilliary processes
  • posterior chamber
  • pupil
  • anterior chambers
  • reabsorbed at edge of cornea
  • replenishes every ~90 mins
18
Q

purpose of vitreous humor

A
  • holds retina layer flat against choroid to create clear images
  • helps keep shape of eye
19
Q

black spots in vision?

A

debris in vitrous humor

20
Q

ciliary body structure + function

A

STRUCTURE
- CILIARY MUSCLE (radial orientation)
- CIIARY RING (circular orientation)
- CILIARY PROCESSES (attached to lens via SUSPENSORY LIGAMENTS)

21
Q

What happens when different ciliary muscles contract?

A

Radially oritented - lens widens
Circularly oriented - lens closes

22
Q

What causes pupil to constrict and dialate?

A

constrict
- SPHINCTER PUPILLAE (circular muscles) contract
- PNS

dialate
- DIALATOR PUPILLAE (radial muscles) contract
- SNS

23
Q

target on retina for light entering eye

A

MACULA LUTEA
and its centre, the FOVEA CENTRALIS (only contains cones)

24
Q

2 main layers of retina

A

PIGMENTED LAYER
- pigment cells filled with melanin
NEURAL LAYER
3 layers
- PHOTORECEPTOR LAYER
- BIPOLAR LAYER
- GANGLIONIC LAYER

25
Q

focal point

A

where light rays cross in eye to flip image onto retina

26
Q

How does the eye focus on distant vs near images?

A

Distant
- light rays come in parallel
- lens flat (tension in suspensory ligaments high, ciliary muscles relaxes)

Near
- divergent light rays
- lens spherical (tension in suspensory ligaments low, ciliary muscles contract)

27
Q

3 events to bring an image into focus

A
  1. ACCOMODATION
    - ciliary muscles contract, lens more spherical, greater light refraction
  2. PUPIL CONSTRICTION
    - small diameter = greater depth of focus
  3. CONVERGENCE
    - as an object moves closer, eyes rotate medially to pick up light rays
28
Q

rod and cones cells are both ____ cells

A

bipolar

29
Q

rod and cone cell structure + function

A

RODS
- non-colour and low light vision
- RHODOPSIN (photosensitive pigment), made of RETINOL pigment that’s located in OPSIN protein
- light sensitive end cylindrical

CONES
- PHOTOPSIN (red, green, blue)
- light sensitive end conical

BOTH
- connected to Na+ channel
- cell depolarized at rest (Na+ channel open)

30
Q

why did parents tell you to eat carrots to improve vision?

A

Vitamin A
retinal made of vitamin A, key component of rods

31
Q

change in membrane potential with light stimulus

A

DARK
- Na+ channel held open by cyclic GMP (cGMP)
- Retinol bent (inactive)
LIGHT STIMULUS
- retinol straightens (active)
- phosphodiesterase active - converts cGMP to GMP
- Na+ channel closes, HYPERPOLARIZATION
- retinol detaches, phosphodiesterase inactive, cGMP build up again and opens Na+ channel

32
Q

How is signal sent through neural layer

A
  • dark condition creates action potential in photoreceptors (depolarized)
  • IPSP to biopolar cells via GLUTIMATE
  • light stimulus causes hyperpolarization = no action potention, NTs decrease
  • bipolar cell activated
  • NT towards ganglion cell
  • ganglion cell signal to optic nerve
33
Q

where do visual signals travel to in brain?

A
  • superior colliculi
  • lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus, synapse, then via optic radiations travel ton visual cortex in occipital lobe

Anatomy (36 decks)

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