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Neuro 1 > vision > Flashcards

vision Flashcards

1
Q

cones

A

see color and acuity

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2
Q

were do you find the most cones

A

fovea

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3
Q

Rods

A

color-blind; better for motion

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4
Q

photoreceptors

A

rods and cones

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5
Q

Fovea

A

‘best vision’ for acuity and color

Goal of lens of eye, eye & headmovement, and brain guidance is to getthe light to focus on the fovea… so yousee best! only cones in the fovea

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6
Q

Extra fovea

A

all cell types includingcones and rods.
more rods then cones

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7
Q

Extra fovea

A

all cell types includingcones and rods.
more rods then cones

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8
Q

Pathway from retina to visual cortex:

A

Retina(ganglion cells are theneurons of origin)
Optic nerve
Optic chiasm (crossing of some axons)
Optic tract
Lateral geniculate nucleus (thalamus), LGN
Through the parietal andtemporal cortex as optic radiations
Visual cortex

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9
Q

the visual field

A

each eye seen 2/3 of the visual field, there is an overlap in the center

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10
Q

Nasal retinal information​ goes where

A

crosses at optic chiasm to go to contralateral V1

lateral portions of each visual fields - nearest nose/medial

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11
Q

Temporal retinal information goes where

A

does not cross at chiasm, continues ipsilaterally to V1

medial portion of each visual field - near temporal bone/lateral

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12
Q

Left visual cortex, receives retinalafferent from where

A

axons with information about theright (opposite) half of thevisual field ofeach eye

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13
Q

peripheral aspects of the visual field is seen by what

A

about aquarter of the visual field is seen byone eye only.

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14
Q

Visual context

A

the visual signal from the background of the scene

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15
Q

Visual experience/learning changes in neural circuits

A

experience-dependent (e.g.a lifeguard surveys a crowded pool andsees features of the person in trouble; PT in busy gym recognizes thepatient in pre-distress)

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16
Q

Cognitive influences of attention, expectation, task-dependent (even perceptual task):

A

hockey player skating up theice, finds the potential open path to the goal; person walking dogs inthe pre-dawn attentive to potential harm – wild animal, stranger,vehicles out of control

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17
Q

Neurons in the LGN receptive fields

A

Neurons in the LGN have centersurround receptive fields

These neurons with surround RF will enhance the light when it on the RF and depress some of the weaker light responses

They depress the weaker unit and support the brighter inputs

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18
Q

Visual cortex (V1) two type of cells

A

simple cells and complex cells

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19
Q

simple cells in V1

A

on/off: Neuronshave orientation sensitivity;respond to specific light orientations oflines/edges

They are tuned to light in a very specific orientation

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20
Q

Complexcells in V1

A

respond to continuousbar of light in a specific orientationanywhere in receptive field; integratesimple cell content to form lines andedges, with contours/textures

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21
Q

V1 - visual cortex preception of what

A

color and motion

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22
Q

Preconscious path for quick action

A

‘M’cells, magnocellular visual path

Rapid transmission back to the visual cortex

retina to visual cortex via thelateral geniculate nucleus(LGN).

‘Where & how’ – it over there for better move now

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23
Q

Conscious slower path for integratedperception and thought

A

P’ cells,parvicellular visual path

‘What’

24
Q

dorsal stream for action

A

Visually-guided reaching

‘Visually-informed grasping’

25
Q

‘Visually-informed grasping’

A

Translates visual info about object properties into successful grasping

Extrastriate cortex to premotor ventral (PMv) via anterior intra-parietal area

26
Q

‘Visually-guided reaching’

A

Extrastriate to dorsal premotor (PMd) via medial dorsal- and medial intra-parietal areas

Translates visual info of object location to reaching direction

27
Q

ventral stream for

A

objectrecognition

What is that object, I have seen that face before

28
Q

Inferior temporal cortex codeswhat

A

codescomplex, higher order integratedinformation,e.g.faces,hands

29
Q

he ventral stream has lot of connects with whta?

A

Has a lot of connection with the prefrontal cortex

30
Q

Posterior parietal cortex (PP)

A

Functions in recognition ofself, relativeto world:
Internal representation of body
Perception ofself relativeto theworld: our actions vs their actions

31
Q

Posterior parietal cortex (PP) neuron RF

A

complex

32
Q

Posterior parietal cortex (PP)lesion

A

Lesions associated withspatiotemporal disorganized reachand grasp; gaze disorders;disorientation; constructionalapraxia (put on a sweater …)

33
Q

Prefrontal cortex (PF)(+premotor, PM)

A

Motor planning, judgement

Select appropriate, suppress inappropriate behavior for current conditions

Provides control and flexibility in behavior

34
Q

depthperception needs what cues

A

Both binocular andmonocular cues

35
Q

binocular disparity neuronsare active when

A

the image inview is focused on slightlydifferent parts of the retinasof eacheye.

36
Q

Attention

A

looking for something, expectation, what to attend to a specific stimulus

37
Q

Top down

A

attention of your intent

Looking for someone in a red shirt

38
Q

Bottom or mid- up

A

what your gaze caught – eye muscleproprioceptors to visual cortex via thalamus …

39
Q

Two types of eye movements

A

Gaze stabilization

Direction of gaze

40
Q

Gaze stabilization

A

: keeps image stable when our head moves

VOR

41
Q

Direction of gaze

A

attend to visual targets:

How do we explore ourenvironment quickly and efficiently?

42
Q

Direction of gaze two type

A

saccades

smooth pursuit

43
Q

saccades

A

voluntary or reflexive, shift the fovea rapidly to a new visual target

Reading- we do not read left to right, we looking at different parts of the sentence to put it together

Redirects center of sight, allows us toscanenvironmentquickly

44
Q

smooth pursuit

A

Following a moving target
Keep target on fovea
Match eye speed to target speed
Much slower speed (maximum 100degrees per second)

45
Q

what muscle do smooth pursuit and saccades use

A

But,they both use the six extraocular muscles/agonist –antagonist pairs​

46
Q

Medial and lateral recti move the eye what direcction

A

horizontally​

47
Q

Superior rectus and inferior oblique move the eye

A

elevate eye

48
Q

inferior rectus andsuperior oblique move the eye

A

depress it​

49
Q

Conjugate gaze

A

– moving two eyes together

50
Q

Triggered (reflexive) saccades

A

something moves in visual field [detect]

51
Q

Attention (voluntary) saccades:

A

visual attention to something in visual field [find]

52
Q

Attention (voluntary) saccades pathway

A

Input from frontal eye fields, posterior parietal cortex tosuperiorcolliculusto pontine brainstem centers for gaze motor control

53
Q

basal ganglia role on saccades

A

input to superior colliculusinhibit superior colliculusand suppress saccades. (consider: performing a well-learned motor skill,not interested in distraction of detect orfind saccade eye movements)

When you are doing a well learned skill the BG stop saccades – stopping distractions

54
Q

smooth pursiut pathway

A

Information about object movementfrom visual association cortex > middle temporal cortex >frontaleye fieldsprojected > pontinenuclei > the cerebellum andvestibular nuclei and onto pontinecenters for gaze movement control.

55
Q

Tau

A

Time to contact
When a n object is moving close to you it is expanding on the retina
Very powerful predictive information, feedforward

56
Q

Optical Flow

A

the visual information that is streaming past us

Neuro 1 (14 decks)

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