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Neuro 1 > communication > Flashcards

communication Flashcards

1
Q

what is similar property between neurons and muscle cells

A

Excitable cells

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2
Q

High metabolic rate of neurons and muscle cells is due to

A

Processes to maintain the resting membrane potential

and

Synaptic transmission across the synapse between nerve cells or nerve to muscl

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3
Q

RMP maintained by what process

A

selective permeability to some ions

and

a ‘costly’ protein pump backup (Na+ - K+ pump)

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4
Q

Ion concentrations across a cell

A

differ outside to inside cell, because of a selectively permeable membrane:

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5
Q

the cell membrane is permeable to what and impermeable to what

A

Permeable to K+

Impermeable to Na+, and large anions (Cl-)

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6
Q

hat happened when you lose RMP

A

you cannot send any messages

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7
Q

RMP of a neuron

A

Neuron: -70mV inside

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8
Q

RMP of a muscle cell

A

muscle cell: -90mV inside

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9
Q

Increase in RMP is called what

A

hyperpolarization - more negative

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10
Q

what do we see with hyperpolarization

A

lesslikely to generate impulse
Inhibition

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11
Q

decrease in RMP is called what

A

depolarization - less negative

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12
Q

what do we see with depolarization

A

more likelyto send an impulse
excitation

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13
Q

three types of gated channels

A

Chemically-gated
Voltage-gated
mechanically gated

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14
Q

types of Chemically-gated

A

Ligand-gated
neurotransmitter

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15
Q

Voltage-gate - meaning and important for

A

change membrane potential open the gates (axon impulse coming down)

Important for generation of action potentials

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16
Q

what does it mean to be Mechanical gating

A

Sensory receptors, responding to mechanical forces such as touch, pressure

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17
Q

Local (graded) potentials property

A

generated and then decline with time and distance

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18
Q

Types of Local (graded) potentials

A

Receptor potentials (RP)
Synaptic potentials (SP)
Secretory potentials (ScP)

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19
Q

Receptor potentials (RP) are where

A

Generated at peripheral receptor of a sensory neuron

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20
Q

Synaptic potentials (SP)

A

Generated at a postsynaptic membrane

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21
Q

Secretory potentials (ScP)

A

Generated in the axon terminal [presynaptic membrane]

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22
Q

what are Action potentials (AP)

A

Depolarizing signal that is propagated down the axon

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23
Q

local potential V. AP amplitude

A

local- small, graded

AP- large, all-or-none

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24
Q

local potential V. AP effect on membrane

A

local- depolar or hyper

AP- depolar

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25
Q

local potential V. AP propagation

A

local- passive

AP- active and passive

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26
Q

local potential V. AP ion channels

A

local- end receptor modality gated channel and postsynaptic ligand gated

AP- voltage gated channels

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27
Q

Amplitude RP =

A

frequency

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28
Q

Duration RP =

A

duration of a train of APs

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29
Q

Resting neuron AP gates

A

activation gate closed; inactivation gate open

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30
Q

Activation neuron AP gates

A

activation gate opens, Na+ rushes in

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31
Q

Inactivation neuron AP gates

A

inactivation gate slow to close
Return toresting:activation gate closure; gradual inactivation gatereopening; depends on restoring resting membrane potential

32
Q

Basis for AP - channels

A

voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels

33
Q

AP is summation of what

A

a number Na+channels activated

34
Q

Refractory periods

A

inactivated due to resting state
Absolute
Relative

35
Q

Accommodation

A

increase in threshold inresponse to a slowly rising stimulus

Inactivation of Na+ and activation of K+channels

36
Q

how are AP regenerated down the axon

A

Internal currents result in regeneration of the AP at areas of high concentration of Na+ channels

37
Q

Enhancing rate of
AP conduction

A

Increase diameterof the axon
Insulate with myelin sheaths

38
Q

Speed of conduction is called

A

nerve conductionvelocity (NCV)

39
Q

what is CMAP

A

relates to the sum of the events of allactivated nerve fibers

40
Q

Nerve fiber sizes classified

A

A, B, C

41
Q

characteristic of A delta and C fibers

A

small fibers

42
Q

properties of Aalpha

A

the axons of motor nerves to musclesare the largest

43
Q

over all C-fibers are

A

small, slow, and takes a lot to activate them

44
Q

overall A-fibers are

A

large fibers and easy to conduct

45
Q

At thesynapse what kind of gate do we see

A

chemically-gated channels

46
Q

Synaptic potential (SP): exit or inhibitory

A

both: Excitatory (EPSP), Inhibitory (IPSP)

Generated at a postsynaptic membrane

47
Q

Central synapses

A

forms the connections between different neurons in the central nervous system (CNS)

Neuron-neuron, requires manyEPSP or IPSP to trigger AP or inhibit;

48
Q

what makes up the NMJ: neuro muscular junction

A

motor axon and its target muscle

49
Q

ratio of AP in the NMJ

A

1NAP to 1MAP

50
Q

AP at the NMJ excite or inhibitory

A

excite only

51
Q

Postsynaptic cell response to NT is a

A

synaptic potential

52
Q

synaptic potential local or AP

A

local potential

53
Q

Stopping the postsynapticresponse

A

Degradation of NT in cleft

Reuptake of NT by presynapticmembrane

Diffuse away from synapse (e.g.glial: – eat excess NT- NT sink)

54
Q

Presynaptic release of NT influenced by

A

secretory potential

55
Q

[Ca++] entering terminal produces what

A

EPSPproduced (at NMJ in muscle fiber, or atcentral synapses EPSP or IPSP)

56
Q

central synapsesexcitatory or inhibitory

A

both - unlike the NMJ

57
Q

types of central synapses

A

Asymmetric - Gray Type I
Symmetric - Gray Type II

58
Q

Asymmetric - Gray Type I properties

A

Excitatory

59
Q

Symmetric - Gray Type II properties

A

Inhibitory

60
Q

Axodendritic connection

A

axon to dendrite

less axosomaticinfluence onAPgeneration at the trigger zone
Less of a roll because it is further away

excitatory orinhibitory

61
Q

Axosomatic connection

A

axon to soma

usually inhibitory

Have a greater influence on the generate of AP – because they are closer

This shows the inhibition is important in the NS - closer therefore important role

62
Q

Axoaxonic

A

axon to axon

influencesNTrelease

63
Q

Presynapticinhibitory and facilitatorymechanisms influence what

A

the release of NT

64
Q

Postsynapticinhibitory and facilitatory mechanisms influence what

A

the postsynapticcell ability to generate an AP at the trigger zone.

65
Q

Ionotropic

A

Receptor DIRECTLY controls ion flux

Rapid response

66
Q

Metabatropic

A

‘Biochemical cascade’ – 2nd messengers
INDIRECT gating
Uses ‘second messengers’
Slower response; amplifiedmessage

67
Q

repeated or regular routine of synapse activation leads towhat changes in the synapse

A

changes that enables more efficient activationin future.

Cellular and molecular basis oflearningand memory

68
Q

what is LTP

A

a long-lasting strengthening of the synapse that occurs with repeated stimulation and is thought to be related to learning and long-term memory

69
Q

Glutamate properties as a neurotransmitter

A

a major excitatory transmitter of CNS

70
Q

what NT does NMDA accept

A

Glutamate

71
Q

NMDA gate type

A

voltage and chemically gated

72
Q

NMDA receptor type

A

ionotropicandmetabatropicreceptor

Ca++ entry activates 2ndmessenger system

73
Q

what is NMDA blocked by

A

Mg++

74
Q

what flows through NMDA

A

Ca++, Na+, K+

75
Q

NMDA receptor a mechanism for what kind of potential

A

long-term potentiation (LTP)

Neuro 1 (14 decks)

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