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Neuro 1 > Basal Ganglia > Flashcards

Basal Ganglia Flashcards

1
Q

Basal ganglia role - goal

A

Major role in goal-oriented movement; automaticity

You do have to think about doing things when do them

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2
Q

Basal ganglia role - motor plans

A

Production of motor programs; sequencing well-learned motor plans

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3
Q

Basal ganglia role - Selection

A

focusing neural activity and suppressing alternative movement patterns

When the cortex says I want to do this – the BG tells us what plan the choose

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4
Q

Basal ganglia role - Reward

A

Reward-based action or inaction

The BG want you to be the most efficient - if not it create a drive to get to it

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5
Q

Basal ganglia role - energizer

A

it wants to move when it is time to move

Issue seen with parks – bradycardia

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6
Q

BG Input regions

A

striatum: caudate, putamen & ventral striatum (sometimes seen)

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7
Q

BG loop Modulator regions

A

substantia nigra compacta

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8
Q

BG loop Output regions

A

globus pallidus: internal & external segments
substantia nigra reticulata

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9
Q

BG loop Facilitator regions

A

subthalamic nucleus

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10
Q

Basal ganglia general loop

A

cortex > BG (striatum) > thalamus > cortex

loops start and end in the cortex

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11
Q

what makes up the Dorsal striatum

A

caudate and putamen

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12
Q

thalamus areas

A

VL, VA, CM, MD

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13
Q

cortex areas

A

Primary motor cortex (M1), Premotor area, Supplemental motor area, prefrontal cortex, posterior parietal cortex

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14
Q

BG loop coordination

A

All of the loop are independent and can occur at the same time

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15
Q

Additional connections/associated targets

A

Pontine nuclei
cere

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16
Q

Pontine nucleitarget in BG

A

Pedunculopontine nucleus

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17
Q

Pedunculopontine nucleus

A

Connections both to
1) spinal cord
2) reciprocal connections with cerebellum and feedback to basal ganglia.

Impact motor behavior

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18
Q

Closed BG loops

A

back to cortical input

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19
Q

OPen BG loops

A

back to other cortical areas

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20
Q

The cortex activates the striatum- two paths

A

Direct
Indirect

When used together – selection and depression

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21
Q

Direct path

A

facilitates movement: selectively activates cortical pattern generating
neurons

Generates MN activity

Drives the cortex to start a plan

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22
Q

Indirect path

A

Inhibits movement: general inhibition of pattern generating cortical neurons

Reducing the number of CPG

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23
Q

BG circuits/loops

A

Motor(skeletal motor loop)
Oculomotor
Prefrontal (associative/executive)
Limbic

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24
Q

Motor(skeletal motor loop)

A

Action selection, execution, sequence, reinforcement learning

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25
Q

OculomotorBG loop

A

Gaze (motor control for action)

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26
Q

Prefrontal (associative/executive) BG loop - two and overall function

A

Dorsolateral prefrontal

Lateral orbitofrontal

This is a pattern of how you think

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27
Q

Dorsolateral prefrontal

A

Prefrontal (associative/executive) BG loop

organization of behavior for problem-solving)

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28
Q

Lateral orbitofrontal

A

Prefrontal (associative/executive) BG loop

socially appropriate behavior)

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29
Q

LimbicBG loop

A

Emotion/motivation

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30
Q

Direct path

A

facilitate movemnt: selectively activates cortical pattern generating
neurons

Generates MN activity

Drives the cortex to start a plan

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31
Q

Gpi is inhibitory to what strutcure​

A

thalamus

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32
Q

Direct pathwayoverall

A

Drives the cortex, reduces the inhibition

positive feedback - do do this

33
Q

Indirect pathwayoverall

A

inhibits the cortex
Gpe

negative feedback - do not do this

34
Q

Indirect and direct​ pathways​ together

A

Paths function separately but ‘in concert’

Function influence on cortex decision for action

We are doing selection of action – which plans to use and not use

35
Q

Hyperdirect pathway

A

WHOA’

Direction communication from the cortex to the subthalamic nucleus (STN)

STN facilitator of the Gpi: leads to a pause in the action

36
Q

DIRECT PATHWAY activate what neurons

A

thalamocortical neurons

37
Q

GPe > Gpi

A

GPe > -Gpi

38
Q

GPe > STN

A

GPe > -STN

39
Q

STN > Gpi

A

STN > +Gpi

40
Q

SNc dopaminergic input to striatum does what

A

facilitates movement

41
Q

D1 receptor SNc

A

Activates the direct pathway – dirves the neurons

Facilitates movement

42
Q

D2 receptor SNc

A

Inhibits the indirect pathway – inhibits the neruons

Facilitates movement

43
Q

BG hypokinetic disorders present as

A

a loss of ‘drive’

Parkinson’s disease –reduced facilitation of striatum

44
Q

Consequences of loss of drive

A

Direct path
not facilitated

Indirect path not inhibited

Lose movement facilitation
Loss of drive to move

45
Q

BG hyperkinetic disorders

A

lose the ‘reduction of drive’

Huntington’s Chorea
Hemiballism

46
Q

Huntington’s Chorea mech

A

reduced inhibitory GPi output - Lose GPi inhibition of thalamus

Indirect path ‘lost’

Movement facilitated

There is no suppression of other movement, so there are multiple movement plans that are going on at once

47
Q

Huntington’s Chorea presents as

A

Seen as: extra movement

48
Q

Hemiballism

A

reduced inhibitory output of GPi

Lose STN drive of GPi(lose indirect path component)
Less inhibition and more movement

Reduced GPi- inhibition of thalamus

Movement facilitated

49
Q

BG and internal

A

BG gets lots of info about you internal enviro – therefore knows a lot about your energy state

Therefore, will bias the selection of motor plans based on the energy of the body

50
Q

prediction error resulting in what

A

an adjusting behavior

51
Q

Practice is seen when

A

+ reward occurred, - reward expected

52
Q

No practice (no change needed) is seen when

A

+ reward occurred, + reward expected

53
Q

reward expectation is based on what

A

phasic dopamine firing

54
Q

Phasic firing of dopaminergic neurons

A

reward prediction and error detection (ON and OFF, bursting and not continuous)

55
Q

Tonic firing of dopaminergic neurons

A

enables the behavioral function of cortical neurons for cognition, movement and motivation (constant baseline)
Bring energy up to allow us to do things

56
Q

what is dopes goal

A

to mediate reactions of the person to the environment; facilitates survival

If someone is reward due to something in their environment, then they are going to be driven to do it

57
Q

Cortex action role

A

there to represent your intent, this is what I want to do

58
Q

BG action role

A

selects the motor plan to use based on the intentions of the cortex

59
Q

Brainstem action role

A

dope neurons

Provide the energy and the reward prediction error code

60
Q

ACC action role

A

Regulation component: say not right now

61
Q

Basal ganglia is a motor energizer - how does it do this

A

Energizes movements via midbrain connections

62
Q

BG role in binding

A

BG- Allows area of the cortex to be at the energy level they need to be at the binding rhythm

Used when we are skilled at a task – not using multiple areas

63
Q

BG and motor set

A

neurons in putamen and globus pallidus internus firing prior to movement but not during movements.

active when a visual cue for the direction of movement presented, prior to the actual movement

64
Q

Basal ganglia involved during movement execution

A

Basal ganglia neurons in the motor circuit active after the onset of movement

Not working ahead of time

65
Q

BG and cortex neuron - direction of movement of the limbs;not associated with specific muscle activation

A

30-50% of neurons in putamen and globus pallidus and in supplementary motor area

66
Q

BG for ‘scaling’ aspects of movement

A

Intensity, amplitude, speed of motor actions

67
Q

cere learing

A

supervised learning

Error dictions: climbing fibers will cause a pause
- get an ​error signal from the inferior olivary nucleus

Monitoring motor movement
Can reset and try again

68
Q

BG learing

A

reinforcement learning

guided by the reward signal encoded in the dopaminergic input from the substantia nigra pars compacta

69
Q

Cortex learning

A

unsupervised learning

guided by statistical properties of the input and neuromodulatory inputs

70
Q

Basal ganglia role in motor learning

A

is consolidate motor acts /sequence, store & select when indicated

71
Q

early learning

A

there are a lot of cortical areas that involved – lots of talk back and forth

Highly energetic

Hippocampus: lots happening here, this is the working memory

72
Q

Later learning

A

The association talk goes down

Cortical to striatum instead of cortical to cortical

The action becomes efficient (the blue circle)

73
Q

Basal ganglia primary role in motor skill acquisition and performance

A

Selects motor skills
Reward and reinforcement

74
Q

Cerebellum primary role in motor adaption

A

Error detection and correction

75
Q

Output - BG to cere
order

A

STN > PN > cere

reward-related signals in the basal ganglia to influence cerebellar function during learning

76
Q

Output - Cere to BG
order

A
  • DN > thalamus > striatum (BG)
77
Q

park has what effect on BG output

A

reduction in the BG output > reduction in facilitation of movement

78
Q

park and cere

A

greater activation of cerebellum during movement execution, during early learning, and at rest

the cere is trying to compenstate for the lack of movement

Neuro 1 (14 decks)

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