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Basal Ganglia Flashcards

1
Q

Basal ganglia role - goal

A

Major role in goal-oriented movement; automaticity

You do have to think about doing things when do them

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2
Q

Basal ganglia role - motor plans

A

Production of motor programs; sequencing well-learned motor plans

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3
Q

Basal ganglia role - Selection

A

focusing neural activity and suppressing alternative movement patterns

When the cortex says I want to do this – the BG tells us what plan the choose

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4
Q

Basal ganglia role - Reward

A

Reward-based action or inaction

The BG want you to be the most efficient - if not it create a drive to get to it

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5
Q

Basal ganglia role - energizer

A

it wants to move when it is time to move

Issue seen with parks – bradycardia

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6
Q

BG Input regions

A

striatum: caudate, putamen & ventral striatum (sometimes seen)

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7
Q

BG loop Modulator regions

A

substantia nigra compacta

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8
Q

BG loop Output regions

A

globus pallidus: internal & external segments
substantia nigra reticulata

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9
Q

BG loop Facilitator regions

A

subthalamic nucleus

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10
Q

Basal ganglia general loop

A

cortex > BG (striatum) > thalamus > cortex

loops start and end in the cortex

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11
Q

what makes up the Dorsal striatum

A

caudate and putamen

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12
Q

thalamus areas

A

VL, VA, CM, MD

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13
Q

cortex areas

A

Primary motor cortex (M1), Premotor area, Supplemental motor area, prefrontal cortex, posterior parietal cortex

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14
Q

BG loop coordination

A

All of the loop are independent and can occur at the same time

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15
Q

Additional connections/associated targets

A

Pontine nuclei
cere

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16
Q

Pontine nucleitarget in BG

A

Pedunculopontine nucleus

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17
Q

Pedunculopontine nucleus

A

Connections both to
1) spinal cord
2) reciprocal connections with cerebellum and feedback to basal ganglia.

Impact motor behavior

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18
Q

Closed BG loops

A

back to cortical input

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19
Q

OPen BG loops

A

back to other cortical areas

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20
Q

The cortex activates the striatum- two paths

A

Direct
Indirect

When used together – selection and depression

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21
Q

Direct path

A

facilitates movement: selectively activates cortical pattern generating
neurons

Generates MN activity

Drives the cortex to start a plan

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22
Q

Indirect path

A

Inhibits movement: general inhibition of pattern generating cortical neurons

Reducing the number of CPG

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23
Q

BG circuits/loops

A

Motor(skeletal motor loop)
Oculomotor
Prefrontal (associative/executive)
Limbic

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24
Q

Motor(skeletal motor loop)

A

Action selection, execution, sequence, reinforcement learning

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25
Oculomotor BG loop
Gaze (motor control for action)
26
Prefrontal (associative/executive) BG loop - two and overall function
Dorsolateral prefrontal Lateral orbitofrontal This is a pattern of how you think
27
Dorsolateral prefrontal
Prefrontal (associative/executive) BG loop organization of behavior for problem-solving)
28
Lateral orbitofrontal
Prefrontal (associative/executive) BG loop socially appropriate behavior)
29
Limbic BG loop
Emotion/motivation
30
Direct path
facilitate movemnt: selectively activates cortical pattern generating neurons Generates MN activity Drives the cortex to start a plan
31
Gpi is inhibitory to what strutcure​
thalamus
32
Direct pathway  overall
Drives the cortex, reduces the inhibition positive feedback - do do this
33
Indirect pathway  overall
inhibits the cortex Gpe negative feedback - do not do this
34
Indirect and direct​ pathways​ together
Paths function separately but ‘in concert’ Function influence on cortex decision for action We are doing selection of action – which plans to use and not use
35
Hyperdirect pathway
WHOA’ Direction communication from the cortex to the subthalamic nucleus (STN) STN facilitator of the Gpi: leads to a pause in the action
36
DIRECT PATHWAY activate what neurons
thalamocortical  neurons
37
GPe > Gpi
GPe > -Gpi
38
GPe > STN
GPe > -STN
39
STN > Gpi
STN > +Gpi
40
SNc dopaminergic input to striatum does what
facilitates movement
41
D1 receptor SNc
Activates the direct pathway – dirves the neurons Facilitates movement
42
D2 receptor SNc
Inhibits the  indirect pathway – inhibits the neruons Facilitates movement
43
BG hypokinetic disorders present as
a loss of ‘drive’ Parkinson’s disease –reduced facilitation of striatum
44
Consequences of loss of drive
Direct path  not facilitated Indirect path not inhibited  Lose movement facilitation Loss of drive to move
45
BG hyperkinetic disorders
lose the ‘reduction of drive’ Huntington’s Chorea Hemiballism
46
Huntington’s Chorea mech
reduced inhibitory GPi output - Lose GPi inhibition of thalamus Indirect path ‘lost’ Movement facilitated There is no suppression of other movement, so there are multiple movement plans that are going on at once
47
Huntington’s Chorea presents as
Seen as: extra movement
48
Hemiballism
reduced inhibitory output of GPi Lose STN drive of GPi (lose indirect path component) Less inhibition and more movement Reduced GPi - inhibition of thalamus Movement facilitated
49
BG and internal
BG gets lots of info about you internal enviro – therefore knows a lot about your energy state Therefore, will bias the selection of motor plans based on the energy of the body
50
prediction error resulting in what
an adjusting behavior
51
Practice is seen when
+ reward occurred, - reward expected
52
No practice (no change needed) is seen when
+ reward occurred, + reward expected
53
reward expectation is based on what
phasic dopamine firing
54
Phasic firing of dopaminergic neurons 
reward prediction and error detection (ON and OFF, bursting and not continuous)
55
Tonic firing of dopaminergic neurons
enables the behavioral function of cortical neurons for cognition, movement and motivation (constant baseline) Bring energy up to allow us to do things
56
what is dopes goal
to mediate reactions of the person to the environment; facilitates survival    If someone is reward due to something in their environment, then they are going to be driven to do it   
57
Cortex action role
there to represent your intent, this is what I want to do
58
BG action role
selects the motor plan to use based on the intentions of the cortex
59
Brainstem action role
dope neurons Provide the energy and the reward prediction error code
60
ACC action role
Regulation component: say not right now
61
Basal ganglia is a motor energizer - how does it do this
Energizes movements via midbrain connections
62
BG role in binding
BG- Allows area of the cortex to be at the energy level they need to be at the binding rhythm Used when we are skilled at a task – not using multiple areas
63
BG and motor set
neurons in putamen and globus pallidus internus firing prior to movement but not during movements. active when a visual cue for the direction of movement presented, prior to the actual movement
64
Basal ganglia involved during movement execution
Basal ganglia neurons in the motor circuit active after the onset of movement Not working ahead of time
65
BG and cortex neuron - direction of movement of the limbs; not associated with specific muscle activation
30-50% of neurons in putamen and globus pallidus and in supplementary motor area
66
BG for ‘scaling’ aspects of movement
Intensity, amplitude, speed of motor actions
67
cere learing
supervised learning Error dictions: climbing fibers will cause a pause - get an ​error signal from the inferior olivary nucleus Monitoring motor movement Can reset and try again
68
BG learing
reinforcement learning guided by the reward signal encoded in the dopaminergic input from the substantia nigra pars compacta
69
Cortex learning
unsupervised learning guided by statistical properties of the input and neuromodulatory inputs
70
Basal ganglia role in motor learning
is consolidate motor acts /sequence, store & select when indicated
71
early learning
there are a lot of cortical areas that involved – lots of talk back and forth Highly energetic Hippocampus: lots happening here, this is the working memory
72
Later learning
The association talk goes down Cortical to striatum instead of cortical to cortical The action becomes efficient (the blue circle)
73
Basal ganglia primary role in motor skill acquisition and performance
Selects motor skills Reward and reinforcement
74
Cerebellum primary role in motor adaption
Error detection and correction
75
Output - BG to cere order
STN > PN > cere reward-related signals in the basal ganglia to influence cerebellar function during learning
76
Output - Cere to BG order
- DN > thalamus > striatum (BG)
77
park has what effect on BG output
reduction in the BG output > reduction in facilitation of movement
78
park and cere
greater activation of cerebellum during movement execution, during early learning, and at rest the cere is trying to compenstate for the lack of movement

Neuro 1 (14 decks)

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