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Neuro 1 > Development > Flashcards

Development Flashcards

1
Q

Determination in development

A

Neurons are formed
Neurons assume correct positions
Neurons produce primary processes (cell body (soma), axon)

basic neuron

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2
Q

Differentiation in development

A

the neuron gains unique characteristics for its futurerole

Increasesin size

Producesterminal dendrites

Makesspecific connections *NEURAL CIRCUITS ARE FORMED! Whichis the beginning of the emergence of behavior!

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3
Q

Morphogens

A

compounds that influence a tissue to become something

part of the dynamic processes of differentiation

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4
Q

Environment and the dynamic process of differentiation

A

These factors recruitsecond messengersacting within the neurons to influence the specifics of neurondevelopment, circuits and functioning.

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5
Q

NS embryonic development is determined by

A

Determinedby four weeks

Thus, the NS is vulnerable to insults early in pregnancy

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6
Q

Critical periods

A

Time in which external influences have thegreatest impact

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7
Q

Critical periods in the NS

A

Times when axons are competing for synaptic sites. Normal function of neural systems are dependent on appropriate experience during the critical periods

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8
Q

2 weeks – 5months what influences the NS

A

Abnormal development influenced by drugs, alcohol, folic acid

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9
Q

pre-embryonic stage

A

One cell> mass of cells > 2-layered embryonic disk (ecto and endo)

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10
Q

Process of development in the NS

A

make cells, form tissues, cells move& fold to form NS structure

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11
Q

embryonic stage

A

3-layered embryonic disk

Endoderm, ectoderm, andmesoderm (between the E, key role)

Meso – induces the ectoderm to becomes a NS

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12
Q

GASTRULATION

A

Formation of 3 layers is Gastrulation

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13
Q

NEURULATION overall

A

fundamental neural elements are formed

process of differentiating neural elements (neural plate, neural tube, neural crest).

Mesoderm forms the notochord

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14
Q

Cell migration

A

Primitive streak arises midline - path of migrating cells, cell movement

Appearance of primitive streak starts Gastrulation

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15
Q

Then presence of notochord induces changes in the

A

ectoderm,part of it becomes neuroectoderm

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16
Q

notochord parts

A

Neural plate
Neural tube: Spinal cord and brain
Neural crest - PNS

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17
Q

Brian at 4 weeks- vesicles

A

The rostral end of the neural tube expands to form three vesicles

Forebrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain

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18
Q

Cephalicflexure locations

A

between the midbrain and the hind brains

the only on flexure seen in the adult brain

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19
Q

3 to 5 vesicles

A

Telencephalon
Diencephalon
Mesencephalon
Metencephalon
Myelencephalon

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20
Q

Telencephalon becomes

A

Cerebralhemispheres
Basal ganglia

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21
Q

Diencephalon becomes

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus

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22
Q

Mesencephalonbecomes

A

Midbrain

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23
Q

Metencephalonbecomes

A

Pons and cerebellum

24
Q

Myelencephalonbecomes

A

Medulla oblongata

25
Q

Cell movement is often a signal for what

A

differentiation - when neurons are getting their characteristics

Results in cells moving topositions important fortheir differentiation

26
Q

what is Induction in terms of NS development

A

One tissue influences thedifferentiation of anothertissue

27
Q

Diffusable substance of Induction

A

Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)
Sonic hedgehog (SHH)

28
Q

Ventricular layer of the tube is important for

A

neurons multiply; ‘born’when move away

29
Q

Mantle layer of the tube

A

grey matter; neurons locateonce born (cortical plate in forebrain dev)

30
Q

Marginal layer in the tube

A

white matter; neurons sendprocesses into this layer

31
Q

Floor plate releases

A

SHH
Diffusable substance

32
Q

Roof plate releases

A

Roof plate
diffusible substance

33
Q

what is the Sulcus limitans

A

a groove between the alar(sensory) andbasal(motor) plate regions

34
Q

Neural crest cell migration Dorsolateral path

A

Pigmented cells of the skin

35
Q

Neural crest cell migration Ventral path

A

Sensory ganglia (DRG)
Primary sensory neuron

Schwann cells –myelin of PNS

paravertebral ganglia
Postganglionic sympathetic neurons
prevertebral ganglia
Postganglionic parasympathetic neurons

Adrenal medulla

36
Q

Spinal cord neurons:sequenceof developmentof connections

A

Motoneuronsconnect onto muscles
Spontaneous movements

Interneurons connections to MNs
Synchronous activity of a limb

Descending (and ascending) projection neurons connect toMNs and INs
Interlimb coordinated patterns

Sensory neurons connections to MNs
Monosynaptic (stretch) reflex (knee jerk)

37
Q

insult I the first four weeks of neural development

A

Spina bifida
Anencephaly

38
Q

Spina bifida types

A

Occulta: vertebral arch defect
Meningocele: meningesherniate through defect
Myelomeningocele: spinal cord & meninges herniate
Myelochisis: open spinal cord

39
Q

what is Anencephal

A

open brain

40
Q

what is secondary neurulation

A

Development of the most caudal end of the neural tube

41
Q

what is secondary neurulation associated with

A

problems at L5/S1spinal cord levelmayexist:disorders ofcanalization

Spondylolisthesis- L5 slipping on S1
Spina bifida in lumbosacral region
Lumbosacral lipoma

42
Q

CFS is made and stored where

A

made in the ventricles and stored in the subarchnoid space

43
Q

if there is a build up of CFS (blocked, over made, or under drained) the result is what

A

is hydrocephalus

44
Q

what is hydrocephalus often associated with

A

spinabifida

45
Q

Over production of CSF by what cells

A

by cells ofchoroidplexus

46
Q

Cortical region movement of cells

A

“inside-out” pattern of development

first cells to move locate in deepest layers of thecortex

47
Q

Disorder of cytogenesis

A

didn’t make enough cells’ = microencephaly, small brain

48
Q

Disorder of neuron migration

A

‘didn’t, couldn’t, or wouldn’t moveenough’ =lissencephaly, smooth brain

49
Q

what is Axon guidance

A

orderly consequence of local or long-distance interactions that instruct the developing axon to grow, turn, or stop.

50
Q

extracellular matrix adhesion axon guidance

A

local
at some point in development ECM allows spinal tissue to move through It before that is does not allow this movement

51
Q

cell surface adhesion axon guidance

A

local
some type of tissue that leads the axon in the right direction

step by step

52
Q

fasciculation axon travel

A

pioneer
local
growing axon encounters another axon from a ‘pioneer’ neuron (previously traveled to same target) and follows alongside of it

53
Q

chemoattraction axon travel

A

long distance
concentration gradient of a tropic factor

54
Q

contact inhibition axon guidance

A

local
repulse growth cones

55
Q

chemorepulsion axon guidance

A

long distance
soluablefactors whichinhibit axons

Neuro 1 (14 decks)

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