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Neuro 1 > 3- cerebral cortex > Flashcards

3- cerebral cortex Flashcards

1
Q

fractionation​

A

the ability to move body parts independently and to localize motor actions to a limited set of muscles

cerebral cortex contributes to this

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2
Q

what structure​ is involved with goal-directed movemnt

A

cerebral cortex

I want to do this movement
- It is part of the progress in refining motor learning

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3
Q

primary motor cortex mapping

A

‘Dynamically mapped’: as for skilled hand movements

The mapping is not for a specific muscle but for movements

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4
Q

primary motor cortex - Mutable

A

greatest change with skilled use;
rewarded behavior;
(this is all goal-oriented movement)

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5
Q

Motor cortex neurons - force

A

Force encoded by single neurons

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6
Q

Motor cortex neurons - direction

A

Direction coding occurs by an ensemble of neurons,

results in 99% accuracy for direction

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7
Q

is the cortex interest m​ore in isolated movement or collective movement

A

isolated movement

diagram:Coding the proximal and distal movements​ together

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8
Q

Supplemental motor area (SMA) role

A

role in plan and program movement

internally triggered motor acts

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9
Q

What is a internally triggered motor acts

A

creating a motor behavior - I want to do this – this internally triggers an action

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10
Q

Motor set

A

premovement associated with planning andprogramming

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11
Q

motor set and SMA

A

50-70% of the neurons are for motor set in SMA

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12
Q

Cortico-cortico connections

A

extensive with prefrontal and parietal association areas; and connections to basal ganglia, limbic areas, and cerebellum

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13
Q

SMA neurons​ selectivity

A

neurons in the SMA are very selective

  • Push turn pull > pull push turn
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14
Q

Lateral premotor (PM) responds to

A

externally-triggered /guided motor programs and plans object cues

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15
Q

External cue

A

There is a target and I want to get to it

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16
Q

Visually-guided reaching what area

A

premotor dorsal (PMd)

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17
Q

Visually-informed grasping what area

A

premotor ventral (PMv)

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18
Q

Visually-guided reaching - what is happening

A

Translates visual info of object location to reaching direction

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19
Q

Visually-guided reaching - pathway

A

Extrastriate to dorsal premotor (PMd) via medial dorsal- and medial intra-parietal areas

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20
Q

Visually-informed grasping from what area

A

premotor ventral (PMv)

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21
Q

Visually-informed grasping - what is happening

A

Translates visual info about object properties into successful grasping

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22
Q

Visually-informed grasping - pathway

A

Dorsal extrastriate cortex to premotor ventral (PMv) via anterior intra-parietal area

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23
Q

what are Mirror neurons

A

special neurons in PMv active when a monkey watches another perform a task; and when the monkey actually performs

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24
Q

where are mirror neurons found

A

premotor ventral (PMv) area

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25
Q

Cingulate motor areas (CMA) function

A

integrates multiple behavioral factors to weight movement decisions

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26
Q

prefrontal - cing

A

temporal organization of motor behavior; movement decisions based on experience

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27
Q

limbic - cing

A

flavor’ to movement; weighting; accounting for reward; appropriate - ‘urge to move’

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28
Q

Cingulate motor areas (CMA) is part of what

A

Part of anterior cingulate cortex: Area 23, 24 dorsal

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29
Q

CMA to spinal cord centers

A

Direct CMA to spinal cord centers to carry out motor plan

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30
Q

Posterior parietal cortex (PPC) role

A

role in identification of self relative to world

our actions vs. their actions distinction

Internal representation of body image (right > left PPC)

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31
Q

neurons of the PPC

A

Neurons have complex receptive fields: multimodal and context dependent (somatosensory, visual, auditory, vestibular)

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32
Q

Lesions associated with PPC result in

A

issue with movements that involve special temporal patterns

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33
Q

PPC lesions - Gaze disorders

A

mis-reaching, right-left disorientation

Does a lot of visual spatial relationship: where is your body in relationship to where the target is

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34
Q

What is Gnosis

A

whose hand?
Where are you in space and your hand

seen with PPC lesion

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35
Q

what is Constructional apraxia and what issue is it seen with

A

the inability of patients to copy accurately drawings or three-dimensional constructions

draw a clock; put on a sweater (not a novel task – something people have done before …)

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36
Q

what part of the cortex is involved when we are learning something new

A

a lot of areas - most

lots of activity, neurally insufficient

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37
Q

Prefrontal cortex (PFC) overall​ role

A

Role: Motor planning, judgement
EX: when to cross the street, how to study

organizes events, selects appropriate motor acts

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38
Q

PFC contributor​ to overall role

A

Select appropriate - suppress inappropriate behavior for current conditions

Modeling behavior – based on internal representations of reality

Temporal organization of motor events

Provides control and flexibility in behavior
change our mind

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39
Q

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex DLPFC

A

(areas 8 ,9 & 46) provides cognitive control for the dorsal pathway; ‘how’

visual guided reaching

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40
Q

Ventral prefrontal cortex, VLPFC

A

(areas 44, 45, 47 & 12) provides cognitive control for ventral pathway; ‘what’

Guides selection and retrieval of semantic memory - Recall information that you need to understand your situation

Actively maintains stimulus information; drives retrieval in posterior cortex

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41
Q

anterior of the Ventral prefrontal cortex

A

Abstract thinking

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42
Q

Abstract thinking

A

using the things that have not been put together before

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43
Q

posterior part of the Ventral prefrontal cortex

A

concrete thinking

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44
Q

concrete thinking

A

things that you know well about

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45
Q

Medial aspect of the brain general characteristic

A

higher intensity of action/ meaning is medial

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46
Q

lateral aspect of the brain general characteristic

A

practical aspect of how to solve issues

low intensity is lateral

47
Q

what is Learning

A

a change in behavior that results from acquiring knowledge about the world

48
Q

what is Memory

A

process by which knowledge is encoded, stored and retrieved.

49
Q

Declarative memory

A

a type of long-term memory that involves consciousrecollectionof particular facts and events.

50
Q

implicit memory

A

does not require the conscious or explicit recollection of past events or information, and the individual is unaware that remembering has occurred

EX: singing a familiar song, typing on your computer keyboard, and brushing your teeth

51
Q

Short term (STM) type

A

primary and working

52
Q

LTM types

A

procedural
episodic
sematic

53
Q

age related​ factors and LTM

A

LTM can be impacted by aging

54
Q

Executive function

A

combining visual and spatial info – trail making (connect the letters), more the one activity going (EF)

55
Q

Association as seen in MOCA - testing and example

A

semantic​ memory
name the animals, watch - time

56
Q

procedural memory

A

skills, tasks

learning by doing
LTM - implict

57
Q

episodic

A

events experiences

what did you do on summer break
LTM - explict

58
Q

semantic

A

facts and concepts

LTM - explicit

59
Q

two forms of LTM

A

explict and impilct

60
Q

types of implicit LTM

A

priming
procedural
associated learning
non-associated learning

61
Q

types of explicit memory

A

sematic
episodic

62
Q

priming brain

A

neocortex

saying number over and over again, we might learn them without trying

Word used during instruction are important, walk the curve (not given different part of the gait different phases)

63
Q

procedural brain

A

striatum

skills and habitu

64
Q

associated learning two types

A

emotional response​
skeletal musculature

65
Q

emotional response - brains

A

amy

chemotherapy and walking into that room again

66
Q

skeletal musculature - brains

A

cere

what patterns of muscle activation go together, synergies, learn without our conscious attention

67
Q

nonassociative learning

A

habituation
Sensitization

68
Q

habituation - brains

A

reflex pathways

repeated exposure something over time , eventually you have remembered it

69
Q

Sensitization - brains

A

reflex pathway

procedural learning without intent/learning without repetitions , exposed to something that scared you – something that has a large impact on you
Lion and dog

70
Q

what is the role of Working memory

A

Maintains current, transient goal relevant knowledge

71
Q

Two subsystems of wokring memeory

A

verbal information
visuospatial information

72
Q

verbal information - working memory

A

self-talk, ask you SSN you are tell it back to yourself, phone numbers

keeping speech-based information in awareness

73
Q

visuospatial information - working memory

A

retains mental images of visual objects and locations of objects in space

74
Q

Prefrontal cortexand vision

A

Prefrontal cortex– heavily connected with parietal lobe/ visual inputs

75
Q

Prefrontal cortex and wokring memory

A

through the hIppo PFC is highly involved

the PFC keep the stimulus that you are working with available at the time

maintains information is the working​ memory

76
Q

making a LTM step s

A

encoding
consolidation
storage
retrieval

77
Q

encoding - LTM

A

new information is attended to and linked with existing information in memory (this linked to association)

78
Q

consolidation -LTM

A

makes temporarily stored information more stable, processes of LTP
Have to keep on using it to get to LTP

79
Q

stroage​ - LTM

A

neural mechanisms by which memory is retained over time

80
Q

Retrieval - LTM

A

when stored information is recalled

81
Q

explicit memory - brains

A

medial temporal lobe

82
Q

where is episodic information stored

A

stored in prefrontal cortex

83
Q

Entorhinal cortex and Parahippocampal and perirhinal cortex role togethere

A

these are pathways between hippo and association cortices

84
Q

Parahippocampal and perirhinal cortex

A

cortical areas that surround hippocampus

85
Q

Perirhinal cortex particularly important encoding

A

object recognition

86
Q

Parahippocampal cortex important for encoding

A

spatial context .

87
Q

what is stored​ in the Association cortices

A

semantic knowledge distributed throughout association cortices (prefrontal cortex, limbic, parieto-occipital-temporal) in bits and pieces

88
Q

Entorhinal cortex role

A

main input and output path to hippocampus

89
Q

Hippocampus role

A

converts declarative STM to LTM

90
Q

Hippocampus and parahippocampal​ and perirhinal cortex

A

Bind together spatial and object information from perirhinal and parahippocampus forming a unified memory.

91
Q

perirhinal -lateral entorhinal stream

A

“what’ – object characteristics derived from
unimodal sensory information from association cortices

92
Q

parahippocampal medial entorhinal stream

A

“where’ - spatial context derived from polymodal sensory information from association cortices

93
Q

semantic memory flexablity ​

A

highly flexible

Not a static repository of information – it shifts and is integrates

It grows and changes as we continuously acquire, integrate, and reinforce rich representations of the relations between words

94
Q

Semantic richness

A

Refers to the amount of information contained within or associated with a word or concept, and it influences the speed and accuracy of behavioral responses.

Words and concepts that are richer, or associated with more information, are better remembered

95
Q

semantic memory hippocampus

A

the hippocampus is critical to encoding and consolidation of semantic memories

96
Q

hippo damage and sematic memory

A

Following hippocampal damage, patients fail to show normal acquisition of new semantic information

still have procedural memory

97
Q

Neural substrates of procedural memory

A

BG
SMA
Cbm
Amygdala

98
Q

Classical conditioning

A

associated learning - implicit , LTM

Stimulus/Response; cause and effect presumed between events, Pavlov

99
Q

Operant conditioning

A

associated learning - implicit , LTM

a form of learning in which new behaviors develop in terms of their consequences, behavior appears >reward

specific consequences are associated with specific​ behavior

100
Q

Enduring plasticity

A

relation of pre- and post-synaptic elements, strengthens the connection

101
Q

Patterned activity at a synapse

A

Temporal and spatial summation

if there is repeated stimulation at the synapse then the post synaptic membrane will react differently due to the high stimulus > greater than normal amount of transmitter released

Showing that the experience of the synapse can change the response –. Mech of memory at the cellularly

102
Q

Changes in synaptic physiology

A

Presynaptic facilitation/axoaxonic synapses
Convergent inputs

103
Q

Postsynaptic intracellular events

A

Second messenger systems – changing the neuron both functionally and structurally for the future

104
Q

Structural changes in the synapse - memory

A

New synapse, enlarged; specialization of receptors, dendrites, endplates

Involves protein synthesis, even gene activation

105
Q

Long-term changes in synaptic strength

A

Biochemical
Anatomical

106
Q

Declarative memory failure

A

Retrograde
Anterograde
Traumatic brain injury (TBI)

107
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

loss of memories for events that occurred before trauma or disease that caused the condition

108
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

loss of memory for events following the trauma or disease

Now I can do but I cannot create a memory - HM

109
Q

Traumatic brain injury (TBI)

A

may have severe declarative memory deficits, but often retain procedural memory

110
Q

Alzheimers​ disease due to what

A

part of dementia

plaques and neurofibrillary tangles
Tau/amyloid deposits

111
Q

Alzheimers​ disease location

A

Starts in entorhinal and hippocampus, spreads to other temporal areas, then parietal then frontal

112
Q

Early AD what do we lose

A

Declarative memory loss is episodic and semantic

113
Q

Early AD and frontal lobe

A

deficits in short term memory and attention, executive function, have a hard time learning new things

Neuro 1 (14 decks)

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