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Neuro 1 > General Principles > Flashcards

General Principles Flashcards

1
Q

Computerized tomography[CT]

A

intersecting x-rays to identify bonesandblood vessels, fluid

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2
Q

Magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]

A

magnetic field andradio frequency to identify structure of greymatter, GMV; white matter, WMV; ventricles

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3
Q

Diffusion MRI or diffusion tensor imaging [DTI]

A

track where water molecules go by altering field gradients – fiber tracking by statistical averaging

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4
Q

EEG is good at what and bad at what

A

excellent temporal & poor spatial resolution;complex signal detection

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5
Q

fMRI

A

hemodynamic imaging, blood oxygen level dependent response; spatial pattern brain areas working

measure changes in blood oxygenation due tochanges in cerebral blood flow (fMRI).

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6
Q

fMRI functional connectivity

A

task-based working connections (effective connectivity

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7
Q

Motor learning induced what in the brain

A

greater neural efficiency in task-related neural

Learning requires less brain activity

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8
Q

why do we use imaging techniques

A

Neuron communication/use of transmitter requires energy (oxygen/glucose) whichrequiresblood flow.
Neuroimaging techniquesmeasure rates of cerebral blood flow (PET) or can measure changes in blood oxygenation due tochanges in cerebral blood flow (fMRI).

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9
Q

PET

A

Neuroimaging techniquesmeasure rates of cerebral blood flow (PET)

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10
Q

Integration ofmultiple imaging methods can provide what

A

can result in a more comprehensive view of brain processes.

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11
Q

Central Nervous System

A

Cerebral hemispheres
Diencephalon
Midbrain
Pons and cerebellum
Medulla oblongata
Spinal cord

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12
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

Cranial nerves, spinal nerves and support cells outside of the CNS

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13
Q

projection neurons do what kind talk

A

long distance talk

receptor or center to a target

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14
Q

interneurons do what kind of talk

A

short distance talk

neuron to nearby neuron

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15
Q

Supportive Cells

A

Schwann [PNS] & glial [CNS] cells

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16
Q

Schwann [PNS] & glial [CNS] cells function

A

feed, nurture, and protect; remove excess neurotransmitters; and some may ‘talk.’

17
Q

neurons always live in

A

groups

18
Q

what are neuron groups called in the central nervous system

A

nuclei

19
Q

what are neuron groups called in the PNS

A

ganglia

20
Q

serial processing v. parallel processing

A

Serial processing – limits the possibility of recovery, take one out the entire system is done for

21
Q

Spatial summation

A

several weak signals from different locations are converted into a single larger one

22
Q

Temporal summation

A

converts a rapid series of weak pulses from a single source into one large signal

23
Q

distributive control

A

diversity in behavior: more than one means of responding

talk’ and feedback enable distributive control of behavior and learning

24
Q

Peripheral feedback

A

Sensory receptors
Moving generates sensation
(Re-afference)
Knowledge of feedback

25
Q

Central feedback

A

motor copy or efferent copy
Central brain will predict how that move will put you in space – if it predicts that this is a mis-move it will correct

Feedforward adjustments

26
Q

Heterarchical control is enabled by

A

Peripheral and central feedback

27
Q

Heterarchical control

A

distributed across many centers ; interconnected, not top-down flow

28
Q

what occurs in the process of learning

A

alterations in activity of neurons or neuron pools: experience can change behavior; changes in current state and novel information can both influence the neuron’s response

29
Q

central pattern generator[CPG] neurons

A

Rhythmic, alternating, stereotypic butnot obligatory pattern (can change)

neuronal circuits that when activated can produce rhythmic motor patterns such as walking, breathing, flying, and swimming in the absence of sensory or descending inputs that carry specific timing information.

30
Q

Critical periods

A

developmentaltime periods in which events havetheir greatest effect on determinationof characteristics of a part of the NS

genie - language

31
Q

is development predictable

A

yes

NS disease or injury disrupts theorder and predictability

32
Q

Divergence in neurons

A

one connected to many diffuse influence

33
Q

Feed forward inhibition

A

Activate the agonist and turn off antagonist

reciprocal inhibition

34
Q

Feedback inhibition

A

Extend the arm – there is a mech to turn this off, allows for flexibility in the next move

  • if we want to keep our arm out we just keep on sending signals

recurrent inhibition

35
Q

MR specctrophy frunction

A

looking at the chemical composition​ of tissues

36
Q

EEg funtion

A

temporal pattern of activity

37
Q

MEG

A

magnetic measurment of energy superimposed on the brain

38
Q

fMRI is good at what

A

spatial pattern of the brian

Neuro 1 (14 decks)

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