General Principles

Question 1

Computerized tomography[CT]

Answer 1

intersecting x-rays to identify bonesandblood vessels, fluid

Question 2

Magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]

Answer 2

magnetic field andradio frequency to identify structure of greymatter, GMV; white matter, WMV; ventricles

Question 3

Diffusion MRI or diffusion tensor imaging [DTI]

Answer 3

track where water molecules go by altering field gradients – fiber tracking by statistical averaging

Question 4

EEG is good at what and bad at what

Answer 4

excellent temporal & poor spatial resolution;complex signal detection

Question 5

fMRI

Answer 5

hemodynamic imaging, blood oxygen level dependent response; spatial pattern brain areas working

measure changes in blood oxygenation due tochanges in cerebral blood flow (fMRI).

Question 6

fMRI functional connectivity

Answer 6

task-based working connections (effective connectivity

Question 7

Motor learning induced what in the brain

Answer 7

greater neural efficiency in task-related neural

Learning requires less brain activity

Question 8

why do we use imaging techniques

Answer 8

Neuron communication/use of transmitter requires energy (oxygen/glucose) whichrequiresblood flow.
Neuroimaging techniquesmeasure rates of cerebral blood flow (PET) or can measure changes in blood oxygenation due tochanges in cerebral blood flow (fMRI).

Question 9

PET

Answer 9

Neuroimaging techniquesmeasure rates of cerebral blood flow (PET)

Question 10

Integration ofmultiple imaging methods can provide what

Answer 10

can result in a more comprehensive view of brain processes.

Question 11

Central Nervous System

Answer 11

Cerebral hemispheres
Diencephalon
Midbrain
Pons and cerebellum
Medulla oblongata
Spinal cord

Question 12

Peripheral Nervous System

Answer 12

Cranial nerves, spinal nerves and support cells outside of the CNS

Question 13

projection neurons do what kind talk

Answer 13

long distance talk

receptor or center to a target

Question 14

interneurons do what kind of talk

Answer 14

short distance talk

neuron to nearby neuron

Question 15

Supportive Cells

Answer 15

Schwann [PNS] & glial [CNS] cells

Question 16

Schwann [PNS] & glial [CNS] cells function

Answer 16

feed, nurture, and protect; remove excess neurotransmitters; and some may ‘talk.’

Question 17

neurons always live in

Answer 17

groups

Question 18

what are neuron groups called in the central nervous system

Answer 18

nuclei

Question 19

what are neuron groups called in the PNS

Answer 19

ganglia

Question 20

serial processing v. parallel processing

Answer 20

Serial processing – limits the possibility of recovery, take one out the entire system is done for

Question 21

Spatial summation

Answer 21

several weak signals from different locations are converted into a single larger one

Question 22

Temporal summation

Answer 22

converts a rapid series of weak pulses from a single source into one large signal

Question 23

distributive control

Answer 23

diversity in behavior: more than one means of responding

talk’ and feedback enable distributive control of behavior and learning

Question 24

Peripheral feedback

Answer 24

Sensory receptors
Moving generates sensation
(Re-afference)
Knowledge of feedback

Question 25

Central feedback

Answer 25

motor copy or efferent copy Central brain will predict how that move will put you in space – if it predicts that this is a mis-move it will correct Feedforward adjustments

Question 26

Heterarchical control is enabled by

Answer 26

Peripheral and central feedback

Question 27

Heterarchical control

Answer 27

distributed across many centers ; interconnected, not top-down flow

Question 28

what occurs in the process of learning

Answer 28

alterations in activity of neurons or neuron pools: experience can change behavior; changes in current state and novel information can both influence the neuron’s response

Question 29

central pattern generator [CPG] neurons

Answer 29

Rhythmic, alternating, stereotypic but not obligatory pattern (can change) neuronal circuits that when activated can produce rhythmic motor patterns such as walking, breathing, flying, and swimming in the absence of sensory or descending inputs that carry specific timing information.

Question 30

Critical periods

Answer 30

developmental time periods in which events have their greatest effect on determination of  characteristics of a part of the NS genie - language

Question 31

is development predictable

Answer 31

yes NS disease or injury disrupts the order and predictability

Question 32

Divergence in neurons

Answer 32

one connected to many diffuse influence 

Question 33

Feed forward inhibition 

Answer 33

Activate the agonist and turn off antagonist reciprocal inhibition

Question 34

Feedback inhibition 

Answer 34

Extend the arm – there is a mech to turn this off, allows for flexibility in the next move - if we want to keep our arm out we just keep on sending signals recurrent inhibition

Question 35

MR specctrophy frunction

Answer 35

looking at the chemical composition​ of tissues

Question 36

EEg funtion

Answer 36

temporal pattern of activity

Question 37

MEG

Answer 37

magnetic measurment of energy superimposed on the brain

Question 38

fMRI is good at what

Answer 38

spatial pattern of the brian