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Neuro 1 > Somatosensation > Flashcards

Somatosensation Flashcards

1
Q

Exteroception

A

sense the external world, information about the external world

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2
Q

Proprioception

A

sense of position and movement, knowing where our body is in space

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3
Q

Interoception

A

sense of internal world, physiological status, how hungry I am or full, emotions and social kind of thoughts

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4
Q

Somatosensory receptors:

A

inform us about objects in our external environment through touch and about the position and movement of our body parts

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5
Q

how does external stimulus get to the CNS

A

Stimulus > Receptor (generator) potential > the receptor make a local potential, which means coding that stimulus, which then leads to AP that fire into the CNS

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6
Q

what is needed to activate Somatosensory receptors

A

stimulus

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7
Q

Thresholdto activate Somatosensory receptors

A

easy or hard to activate

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8
Q

somatosensory receptors adaptive response

A

does it tell you continually that you are holding a glass, or do you have to remember that you are holding the glass

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9
Q

Low threshold mechanoreceptors

A

discriminative touch (spatial and temporal acuity high)

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10
Q

High threshold mechanoreceptors

A

ouch

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11
Q

Thermal receptors

A

warm and cool

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12
Q

Proprioceptors

A

body and limb position, movement and force

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13
Q

Nocioceptors

A

noxious mechanical, chemical, thermal (pain receptors)

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14
Q

Polymodal receptors

A

discomfort, itch, hurt (uncomfortable but not descriptively describing it)

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15
Q

three types of Low threshold mechanoreceptors

A

RA: rapidly adapting
SA: slowly adapting
PC: Pacinian Corpuscle

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16
Q

RA: rapidly adapting

A

On and off, responds to the change in the stimulus (no sustained)

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17
Q

SA: slowly adapting

A

SA receptor responds to steady state of the stimulus

  • Holding a glass – continually tells you (sustained)
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18
Q

PC: Pacinian Corpuscle

A

responds to oscillation of the stimulus, vibration

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19
Q

Low threshold mechanoreceptors in the skininclude

A

RA type 1 [RAor RAI], Meissner corpuscle
RA type II [RAII], Pacinian corpuscle
SAI, Merkel’s disk
SAII, Ruffini ending (not clearlyknown in humans)

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20
Q

RA type 1 [RAor RAI] other name

A

Meissner corpuscle

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21
Q

RA type II [RAII], other name

A

Pacinian corpuscle

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22
Q

SAI, other name

A

Merkel’s disk

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23
Q

SAII, other name

A

Ruffini ending (not clearlyknown in humans)

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24
Q

RAI and SAI properties

A

have very small, well-defined receptive fields: detecthigh acuity of touch; useful for detecting fine detail or texture ofobjects

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25
Q

Receptive field

A

area of skin that results in a consistent responsefrom the neuron when stimulated with the appropriate stimulus

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26
Q

Small RF are better with what kind of details

A

Better with discriminative details

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27
Q

RAII properties

A

have large receptive fields with most sensitive central area and a lesssensitive surround; respond to fine vibrations of skin; useful formanipulating a tool or utensils, detection of fine textures

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28
Q

SAII properties

A

have large receptive field with directional preferences coded bygroups of receptors; this may be coded by SAIs as well

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29
Q

Does the Density of RAI and SAI increase or decrease as we get to the tip of our fingers

A

increase at we get to the tip of our fingers

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30
Q

Discriminative touch is based on what properties of receptor fields

A

on small receptor fields and the density of these receptors

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31
Q

Discriminative active touch

A

is a process by which humans actively seektactile information; gather information by engaging in the environment

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32
Q

nocioceptorreceptor description

A

Receptors described as free nerve endings

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33
Q

Peripheral pain afferents are made of what kind of fibers

A

small fibers, A delta and C fibers

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34
Q

Peripheral pain afferents project to

A

Neurons in the outer layers ofthe dorsal horn:
marginal zone and substantiagelatinosa

Wide dynamicrange (WDR)neurons in the nucleusproprius.

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35
Q

from the dorsal horn where does the pain stimulus travel

A

neurons project axonsinto the spinothalamic tract on opposite side of spinalcord and ascend to communicate to neurons in thethalamus and onto the cortex

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36
Q

What do WDR neurons receive

A

large fiber afferent,mechanoreceptor inputs, inaddition to small fiberafferents

send this information to a third order neuron in the thalamus​

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37
Q

Pain afferent receptors​ fields

A

have small receptive fields inthe periphery

38
Q

Pain stimuli lead toneuroplastic changes in pain afferents - what kind of change​ is seen

A

heightened sensitivity of peripheral receptorsand dorsal horn neurons

a rapidexpansion of their receptive fields.

39
Q

Neurons in brainstem nuclei of the midbrainperiaqueductal grey, pons and medulla,nucleus raphe magnus respond to pain fibers by doing what

A

releasing endogenous opiate

40
Q

what happens when pains activates the neurons of thenucleus raphe magnus

A

Descending response to the dorsal horn

Descending projection to the opiateinterneuron(enkephalin) in the substantiagelatinosa of the spinal cord- this blocks or alter the pain response

Modulating the incoming pain information

41
Q

what is Kinesthesia

A

the ability to sense the position and location and orientation and movement of the body and its parts.
Without vision

42
Q

what contributes to Kinesthesia

A

Muscle proprioceptors, joint receptors, cutaneous receptors,vestibular system

43
Q

Muscle proprioceptors

A

muscle sense of moving, tension and effort

44
Q

two things that contribute to Muscle proprioceptors

A

Muscle spindles
Golgi Tendon Organs (GTO)

45
Q

Muscle spindles other name

A

intrafusal

46
Q

Muscle spindles location

A

embedded in skeletal muscle
Parallel with muscle

47
Q

What does the Muscle spindles tell us

A

signals change in musclelength, and rate of change in muscle length.

Muscle receptor of motion, force, and effort

48
Q

Each muscle spindle has three elements

A

Intrafusal muscle fibers
Sensory [afferent] fibers
Motor axons

49
Q

Intrafusal muscle fibers in muscle spindles

A

contractile fibers in the spindle itself

50
Q

two types of Intrafusal muscle fibers in muscle spindles

A

Central equatorial
Polar ends

51
Q

what kind of tissue is the Central equatorial region

A

non-contractile region

52
Q

what kind of tissue is the Polar ends

A

contractile region, connected to extrafusal muscle

53
Q

Sensory [afferent] fibers of muscle spindle are connected to what region

A

connected to the non-contractile central regions (central)

All of the sensory info comes from the central region

54
Q

Motor axons going to the muscle spindle connect where

A

to the polar contractile regions (both ends) ofintrafusal muscle fibers.

– things coming back to the spindles

55
Q

Different types of fibers within one muscle spindle

A

Nuclear chain
Nuclear bag

56
Q

two kinds of Nuclear bag

A

Static nuclear bag
Dynamic nuclear bag

57
Q

Static nuclear bag properties

A

static length of muscle
how long I am right now

58
Q

Dynamic nuclear bag responds to what

A

rate of change/velocity of muscle lengthening, will recognize a stretch

59
Q

Nuclear chain properties

A

nuclei are arranged in a row/chain

responds to static length of muscle

60
Q

Nuclear bag propties

A

nuclei are in the middle of the fiber

61
Q

Sensory/afferent fibers going to the muslce spindle

A

Primary: Ia afferent (large axon) connects to center/equatorial regions all 3 fibers;

Secondary: type II afferents (medium axon) connected to region adjacent to center;only connects to static nuclear bag and nuclear chain

62
Q

Primaryand secondary afferent fibers endings signal what from the muscle spindle

A

steadystatelength of muscle - the length of the muscle

63
Q

Primaryending 1a: very sensitive to what (muscle​ spindles)

A

velocityof stretch

The rate of change in length

Quickstretch of muscle - theIaafferent signals theabruptchange, enables quickcorrectiveactions (the change is occurring quickly)

64
Q

alpha-gamma co-activation

A

The process of simultaneous activation of alpha and gamma motor neurons in a voluntary,

Is critical to keep the spindle sensitive and ready to sense stretch

If the above did not occur, the spindle would collapse in an actively contracting muscle

65
Q

what do Alpha motor neurons do

A

send efferent axons to contract extrafusal muscle fiber

66
Q

What do gamma motor neurons do

A

in a voluntary contracting muscle, gamma motor neurons are activated to contract intrafusal muscle fibers.

67
Q

two types of gamma efferent

A

Dynamic gamma motor neurons
Staticgamma motor neurons

68
Q

Staticgamma motor neurons

A

Staticgamma motor neuronsinnervate Static Nuclear Bag fibers and Nuclear chain fibers.

69
Q

Dynamic gamma motor neurons

A

Dynamic gamma motor neuronsinnervate intrafusal fibers of the Dynamic Nuclear Bag fibers

70
Q

H-reflex

A

The electrical equivalent to a monosynaptic reflex

71
Q

the H reflex can be altered by what

A

the state of the ventral horn

Reduced from standing to walking to running: if I am standing on one leg my natural response would not be a kick because that is unstable

72
Q

what happens toe GTO when the muscle is in stretch

A

leads to squeeze of the GTO when the muscle is stretch

73
Q

GTO location

A

in the tendon at musculotendinous junction

in series with the muscle

74
Q

what does GTO tell you

A

Tell you the force of contraction

Golgi tendon organ provides a continuous indication of theforce of contraction and changes in force.

75
Q

GTO is innervated byafferents called

A

Group (type) Ib fibers

76
Q

Group (type) Ib fibers location

A

have specialized endings thatweave in between the collagen fibers

77
Q

Group (type) Ib fibers signalling

A

Contraction of muscle pulls on tendon that stretches thetendon organ and compresses theIbafferentendings

Ib inhibits the motor neuron that activate this muscle – tries to protect you from overusing the muscle

78
Q

Two major ascending sensorysystems to conscious perception

A

spinothalamic/anterolateral column
Dorsal column

79
Q

Two major ascending sensorysystems carry what kind of infomation

A

Have unique information

80
Q

Spino/AL carries what info

A

pain and temp (touch)

81
Q

Dorsal column carries what info

A

jt position,vibration and discriminative touch information(touch)

82
Q

dorsal column pathway

A

First neuron in the DRG  medulla (crossed in the brainstem)  thalamus  somatosensory cortex

83
Q

Spino/AL pathway

A

DRG  crosses the spinal cord  thalamus  cortex

84
Q

unconscious tracts

A

Ventral spinocerebellar tract,VCST
Dorsal spinocerebellar tract,DCST

85
Q

Ventral spinocerebellar tract,VCST

A

role in ‘motor copy’, information about ventral horn activity, e.g., motor commands sent to the muscles.
Enables adjustments to motor plan while moving …

86
Q

Dorsal spinocerebellar tract,DCST

A

large fiber afferent information contributes to unconscious perception of movement, position and effort and terminates in cerebellum

87
Q

Dermatome

A

area of the skin andsubcutaneous tissues that is served by asingle spinal nerve root

88
Q

Corticothalamocorticalloop

A

mechanism of directing attention to some things andnot others; a binding of neurons in the loop attended to

89
Q

Anterior cingulate role

A

the final decision making in the cortex, deciding if you are going to wait or move (final decision to move)

90
Q

The insular cortex

A

has a lot to do with self awareness, understanding your internal phys and social and emotional states

91
Q

Anterior insular cortex and anterior cingulate keep a record of what

A

keep a record of your life

If there was a time in your life that were emotional – these times will get magnified in the AI and AC

This is a reason for the memory that make is feel good

Neuro 1 (14 decks)

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