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hypothalamus Flashcards

1
Q

Nervous system development and function in after-development life is the result of

A

a NS with physiological system interaction

all systems are important to each other

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2
Q

what does the limbic system and the hypothalamus do

A

Limbic system “flavors (drives) our acts”; hypothalamus “somatosizes [physiologicalizes] our acts

Hypo – can take you thoughts and feeling and make them into change in physiology

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3
Q

what is the hypo a master of

A

The neuroendocrine system - releasing hormones into the blood system

ANS – lead to direct physiological effects in the body

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4
Q

The hypo can go back to influence the limbic system - example

A

Your back or stomach hurting can influence your mood

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5
Q

what is the Central autonomic network

A

network of visceral afferents
This info is integrated at different levels of the NS

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6
Q

Central autonomic network: input to

A

brainstem and forebrain structures

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7
Q

what does CAN coordinate

A

ANS and behavioral​ needs

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8
Q

Direct connections of CAN - medulla > BS nuclei

A

To (medulla) nucleus of the solitary tractto > Brainstem nuclei (e.g. vagal motor nucleus)

control of HR and stomach contractions

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9
Q

Direct connections CAN - Ventrolateral medullary reticular formation

A

To (medulla) nucleus of the solitary tractto > entrolateral ​medullary reticular formation

modulate BP by altering blood flow in vascular beds

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10
Q

ANS input that are associated with behavior come in at what level of the brain

A

the midbrain

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11
Q

CAN integrative responses - To(midbrain) periaqueductal grey

A

Behavioral patterns related to autonomic responses

Example ‘fight or flight behavior’ related to the autonomic response of shunting blood to muscles and brain; involves connections from PAQ to medullary RF

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12
Q

CAN integrative responses - To (midbrain) parabrachial nucleus

A

Behavioral responses to taste
Relay of visceral sensory information to forebrain nuclei

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13
Q

CAN integrative responses - To (subcortical limbic nuclei) amygdala

A

autonomic responses of patterned behavioral responses (usually emotion based):

Example:fear or rage; physiologic reactions to chemotherapy occur upon entering treatment room

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14
Q

CAN integrative responses - To (thalamus, cortex) visceral sensory thalamus and visceral sensory cortex

A

anterior insula and on to anterior cingulate

conscious awareness visceral sensations:

Hunger pains, full stomach, breath holding feeling; conscious awareness and reaction to feeling

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15
Q

what happens whne emotional stress drives the limbic system

A

it is an increase of sympathetic activity, this is outside of the feedback loop and therefore is not regulated

This cannot be regulated

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16
Q

regulated and non regulated heart rate

A

normal - Feedback regulated cardiac function

limbic - Influence of mental stress on the heart; not feedback regulated

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17
Q

organs ANS innervation

A

Two-neuron chains; dual innervation of organs

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18
Q

Sympathetic location

A

thoraco-lumbar

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19
Q

Sympathetic controls what

A

Control of pupil dilation
Smooth muscle of the eyelid

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20
Q

sympathetic NT

A

NOR

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21
Q

parasympathetic is in control of what

A

Control of micturation- pass urine

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22
Q

lesion in para leads to

A

disruption of bladder function.

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23
Q

lesion in sym leads to

A

Horner’s syndrome
The pupil is still constricted

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24
Q

Horner’s syndrome presenations

A

pupil constriction

partial ptosis of eyelid

decreased sweating; increased vasodilation; ‘dry & red skin’)

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25
cause of Horner’s syndrome
lesion ipsilateral sympathetic outflow to head & neck
26
para NT
Ach
27
empty - innervation
Parasympathetic innervation: S2-4 spinal segment + detrussor muscle cholinergic system
28
empty reflex
Vesicoparasympathetic reflex: elimination; contracts bladder (detrussor); relaxes urethra
29
fill - innervation
Sympathetic innervation: L1-3 segments - detrussor muscle (b-adrenergic receptor) + internal sphinctor (a-adrenergic receptor)
30
fill - reflex
Vesicosympathetic reflex: filling; relaxes bladder (detrussor) tightens the urethra (internal sphinctor)
31
help - innervation
Somatic motor innervation S2-4 spinal segments; Onuf’s nucleus + external sphinctor muscle
32
help - reflex
Vesicopudendal reflex: voluntary control; inhibited during voiding; contracted during restraint (‘hold-it’)
33
where do bladder afferents​ go to and what do they carry
to lumbar & sacral spinal levels carry pressure, pain
34
cholinergic system
uses Ach
35
+ detrussor muscle action
contracts the bladder wall
36
internal sphinctor action
keeps the fluid in the bladder
37
what is interesting about B-adrenergic receptor/a-adrenergic receptor
The same transmitter has a different response because of the different receptors
38
what is the External sphincter innervated by - what kind of fiber
alpha motor neuron neuron in the sacral cord and travel over pudendal
39
what kind of control is the external sphincter​
Voluntary control
40
Para bladder innervation orginates where
originate in the intermediate grey of the sacral segment
41
para bladder post ganglionic fiber innervate what
Post ganglionic fiber innervates the bladder wall and causes the contraction of the bladder –Ach
42
Sympathetic bladder fibers originate​ where
originates in the lumbar cord
43
sym bladder post ganglion fibers go where
Post gang goes to contract the sphincter and relax the detrussor muscle
44
what does the Coordinating center - bladder
coordinate bladder contraction and inhibitor of the external sphincter – allows the bladder to empty Make sure that these systems are coordinated
45
Coordinating center bladder - inputs
Input from spinal afferents
46
what activates​ the coordinating center
the cortex near the frontal eye fields
47
what can override​ holding of the bladder
the cortex
48
what happens when we have the urge to go - hold it
Cortex activates pontine somatic center- to hold it (+) External sphincter (–) Detrussor muscle
49
what happens when we want to go - empty
Cortex activates pontine parasympathetic center - to go (+) Detrussor (–) External sphincter
50
Pontine centers for micturition are activated by what
ascending info spinopontinespinal reflexes
51
where is the coordinating center for bladder
the pons
52
control over the external sphincter​ - voluntary control comes from
the cortex coordinate bladder contraction and inhibitor of the external sphincter
53
Lesions rostral to sacral spinal cord disrupt
control and coordination
54
Lesions at the sacral spinal cord disrupt
control and coordination
55
Uninhibited reflex bladder lesion
lesion between cortex and pons
56
Uninhibited reflex bladder - is the pontine center intact
pontine center intact
57
Uninhibited reflex bladder- consequences
Incontinent; emptying complete
58
Automatic reflex bladder - lesions
lesion between pons and sacral spinal cord
59
Automatic reflex bladderis the pontine center intact
pontine center disconnected
60
Automatic reflex bladder - consequences
Incontinent; incomplete emptying
61
Non-reflex: LMN bladder - lesion
injury bilateral sacral cord or spinal roots lesion
62
Non-reflex: LMN bladder - consequences
Incontinence; severe retention (overflow incontinence)
63
Neural to humoral
NT released in the blood system and then travel to another place in the body EX: the heart is responsive to neuron-to-neuron transmitter and circulating NT
64
Neuron to humoral to endocrine to humoral
Neuron makes neural hormone and release it into a portal system – this is picked up by a gland (normally) – this then make a neural hormone and releases it into the blood system
65
where is insulin a transmitter
the brain this has complications with diabetes​
66
Anterior hypo is between what two structures
Between the anterior commissure and the optic chiasm
67
Supraoptic nucleus (SON) and Paraventricular nucleus (PVN) have cconnectcions with what two structure
hypo to the posterior pit
68
Supraoptic nucleus (SON) and Paraventricular nucleus (PVN) NT and hormone relase
direct release – vasopressin and oxytocin Magnocellular neurons
69
what is the function of vasopressin
reuptake of the fluid through the kidney tubercles- fluid regulation and pressure
70
most things in the anterior hypo have to do with what
fluid balance
71
Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) get what kind of input
gets direct retinal ganglion input, called the biological clock This is why light entrains the circadian rhythms Regulate our physiology by physical patterns
72
Anterior hypothalamus is responsible for
fluid electrolyte balance; temperature regulation; aging; circadian rhythms
73
Medial basal hypothalamus role
endocrine regulation Has control over all the steroid hormones
74
steroid hormones and cells
can influence the DNA of a cell – as well influencing the receptor on the cell surface
75
indirect release of medial basal hypothalamus neurons
The neuron in the hypo make a neuronal hormone (releasing factor) that is release in the medial eminence Releasing factor (RF) is transported in the blood to the ant pituitary RF is picked up by the neurons in ant pit these release an activity neurohormone into the blood
76
Negative Feedback control - medial basal​ hypo
have enough of product this loop with come back and shut down production
77
short loop - medial basal​ hypo
pituitary hormone inhibits at the hypothalamus (e.g. pituitary hormones) Stop the release of the corticotropic releasing factor
78
long loop - medial basal​ hypo
target organ/gland hormone inhibits at the hypothalamus (e.g. steroid hormones)
79
Higher centers
target organ/gland  hormone inhibits at the hippocampus (cortex) then to hypothalamus (e.g. gluccocorticoids) cortisol > activates the hippocampus > inhibition of the hypo > stop CRF from being released
80
stress and loops
Stress: if we keep on releasing cortisol, this leads to our hippocampal neurons being activated all the time Constant activation of our hippo neurons causes them to metabolically burn out Hippo – memory and learning
81
Gluccocorticoids
Mobilize energy Increase cardiovascular activity and readiness Suppress long term building projects:  growth, reproduction, immunity ...
82
When you do not inhibit the hypo there is BLANK release of cortisol
more
83
When gluc-cort kept on being release - what does the hippo do
tries to protect itself protection: neurons take there receptors off of the surface of the cells > now things cannot come in > eventually leads to the greater release of cort because the hippocampus is not activating In the end the hippo neurons will die from being overactivated – loss
84
Posterior hypothalamus role
mediates physiological response to emotion and drives major output of the hypothalamus
85
Posterior hypothalamus connection​
limbic system link between the hypo and the ANS, forebrain (cortex), and limbic
86
Posterior hypothalamus location
From the mamillary body to the midbrain
87
Lateral hypothalamus connection
Connects to forebrain limbic nuclei; brainstem nuclei of ANS
88
Lateral hypothalamus role
emergency and survival responses (mediated with/via posterior hypothalamus); center for rage response
89
Hypothalamic hypophyseal tract
carries the direct neuro release from the ant hypo to the pos pit
90
Median eminence portal system
Medial basal release their releasing hormones Releasing factor path
91
Mammillothalamic tract
Meaning full memory and learning Emotions and drive
92
Medial forebrain bundle
From the post hypo there is direct connections Major pathway foe the output of the post hypo
93
Hypothalamus general functions
Detects information Compares “to a setpoint” Output – effects a response
94
Detects information - External environment
visual, cortical, hippocampal
95
Detects information - internal environment
visceral afferents, specialized neurons sensitive to physiological stimuli (e.g. osmoreceptors; gluccoreceptors)
96
Compares “to a setpoint
Integrative nuclei; determine need for a response The hypo has an idea where the body should be – and compare it to what you are at the moment
97
role of the hypo
smart control coordinating center. Its main function is to keep your body in a stable state called homeostasis. It does its job by directly influencing your autonomic nervous system or by managing hormones
98
Output – effects a response
ANS via brainstem Endocrine via pituitary Behavioral means via limbic system/cerebral cortex

Neuro 1 (14 decks)

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