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Neuro 1 > hypothalamus > Flashcards

hypothalamus Flashcards

1
Q

Nervous system development and function in after-development life is the result of

A

a NS with physiological system interaction

all systems are important to each other

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2
Q

what does the limbic system and the hypothalamus do

A

Limbic system “flavors (drives) our acts”; hypothalamus “somatosizes [physiologicalizes] our acts

Hypo – can take you thoughts and feeling and make them into change in physiology

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3
Q

what is the hypo a master of

A

The neuroendocrine system - releasing hormones into the blood system

ANS – lead to direct physiological effects in the body

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4
Q

The hypo can go back to influence the limbic system - example

A

Your back or stomach hurting can influence your mood

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5
Q

what is the Central autonomic network

A

network of visceral afferents
This info is integrated at different levels of the NS

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6
Q

Central autonomic network: input to

A

brainstem and forebrain structures

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7
Q

what does CAN coordinate

A

ANS and behavioral​ needs

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8
Q

Direct connections of CAN - medulla > BS nuclei

A

To (medulla) nucleus of the solitary tractto > Brainstem nuclei (e.g. vagal motor nucleus)

control of HR and stomach contractions

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9
Q

Direct connections CAN - Ventrolateral medullary reticular formation

A

To (medulla) nucleus of the solitary tractto > entrolateral ​medullary reticular formation

modulate BP by altering blood flow in vascular beds

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10
Q

ANS input that are associated with behavior come in at what level of the brain

A

the midbrain

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11
Q

CAN integrative responses - To(midbrain) periaqueductal grey

A

Behavioral patterns related to autonomic responses

Example ‘fight or flight behavior’ related to the autonomic response of shunting blood to muscles and brain; involves connections from PAQ to medullary RF

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12
Q

CAN integrative responses - To (midbrain) parabrachial nucleus

A

Behavioral responses to taste
Relay of visceral sensory information to forebrain nuclei

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13
Q

CAN integrative responses - To (subcortical limbic nuclei) amygdala

A

autonomic responses of patterned behavioral responses (usually emotion based):

Example:fear or rage; physiologic reactions to chemotherapy occur upon entering treatment room

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14
Q

CAN integrative responses - To (thalamus, cortex) visceral sensory thalamus and visceral sensory cortex

A

anterior insula and on to anterior cingulate

conscious awareness visceral sensations:

Hunger pains, full stomach, breath holding feeling; conscious awareness and reaction to feeling

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15
Q

what happens whne emotional stress drives the limbic system

A

it is an increase of sympathetic activity, this is outside of the feedback loop and therefore is not regulated

This cannot be regulated

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16
Q

regulated and non regulated heart rate

A

normal - Feedback regulated cardiac function

limbic - Influence of mental stress on the heart; not feedback regulated

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17
Q

organs ANS innervation

A

Two-neuron chains; dual innervation of organs

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18
Q

Sympathetic location

A

thoraco-lumbar

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19
Q

Sympathetic controls what

A

Control of pupil dilation
Smooth muscle of the eyelid

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20
Q

sympathetic NT

A

NOR

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21
Q

parasympathetic is in control of what

A

Control of micturation- pass urine

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22
Q

lesion in para leads to

A

disruption of bladder function.

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23
Q

lesion in sym leads to

A

Horner’s syndrome
The pupil is still constricted

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24
Q

Horner’s syndrome presenations

A

pupil constriction

partial ptosis of eyelid

decreased sweating; increased vasodilation; ‘dry & red skin’)

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25
Q

cause of Horner’s syndrome

A

lesion ipsilateral sympathetic outflow to head & neck

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26
Q

para NT

A

Ach

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27
Q

empty - innervation

A

Parasympathetic innervation:
S2-4 spinal segment
+ detrussor muscle
cholinergic system

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28
Q

empty reflex

A

Vesicoparasympathetic reflex: elimination; contracts bladder (detrussor); relaxes urethra

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29
Q

fill - innervation

A

Sympathetic innervation:
L1-3 segments
- detrussor muscle (b-adrenergic receptor)
+ internal sphinctor (a-adrenergic receptor)

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30
Q

fill - reflex

A

Vesicosympathetic reflex:
filling; relaxes bladder (detrussor)
tightens the urethra (internal sphinctor)

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31
Q

help - innervation

A

Somatic motor innervation
S2-4 spinal segments; Onuf’s nucleus
+ external sphinctor muscle

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32
Q

help - reflex

A

Vesicopudendal reflex:
voluntary control;
inhibited during voiding;
contracted during restraint (‘hold-it’)

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33
Q

where do bladder afferents​ go to and what do they carry

A

to lumbar & sacral spinal levels carry pressure, pain

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34
Q

cholinergic system

A

uses Ach

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35
Q

+ detrussor muscle action

A

contracts the bladder wall

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36
Q

internal sphinctor action

A

keeps the fluid in the bladder

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37
Q

what is interesting about B-adrenergic receptor/a-adrenergic receptor

A

The same transmitter has a different response because of the different receptors

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38
Q

what is the External sphincter innervated by - what kind of fiber

A

alpha motor neuron

neuron in the sacral cord and travel over pudendal

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39
Q

what kind of control is the external sphincter​

A

Voluntary control

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40
Q

Para bladder innervation orginates where

A

originate in the intermediate grey of the sacral segment

41
Q

para bladder post ganglionic fiber innervate what

A

Post ganglionic fiber innervates the bladder wall and causes the contraction of the bladder –Ach

42
Q

Sympathetic bladder fibers originate​ where

A

originates in the lumbar cord

43
Q

sym bladder post ganglion fibers go where

A

Post gang goes to contract the sphincter and relax the detrussor muscle

44
Q

what does the Coordinating center - bladder

A

coordinate bladder contraction and inhibitor of the external sphincter – allows the bladder to empty
Make sure that these systems are coordinated

45
Q

Coordinating center bladder - inputs

A

Input from spinal afferents

46
Q

what activates​ the coordinating center

A

the cortex near the frontal eye fields

47
Q

what can override​ holding of the bladder

A

the cortex

48
Q

what happens when we have the urge to go - hold it

A

Cortex activates pontine somatic center- to hold it
(+) External sphincter
(–) Detrussor muscle

49
Q

what happens when we want to go - empty

A

Cortex activates pontine parasympathetic center - to go
(+) Detrussor
(–) External sphincter

50
Q

Pontine centers for micturition are activated by what

A

ascending info

spinopontinespinal reflexes

51
Q

where is the coordinating center for bladder

A

the pons

52
Q

control over the external sphincter​ - voluntary control comes from

A

the cortex

coordinate bladder contraction and inhibitor of the external sphincter

53
Q

Lesions rostral to sacral spinal cord disrupt

A

control andcoordination

54
Q

Lesions at the sacral spinal cord disrupt

A

control andcoordination

55
Q

Uninhibited reflex bladder lesion

A

lesion between cortex and pons

56
Q

Uninhibited reflex bladder - is the pontine center intact

A

pontine center intact

57
Q

Uninhibited reflex bladder- consequences

A

Incontinent; emptying complete

58
Q

Automatic reflex bladder - lesions

A

lesion between pons and sacral spinal cord

59
Q

Automatic reflex bladderis the pontine center intact

A

pontine center disconnected

60
Q

Automatic reflex bladder - consequences

A

Incontinent; incomplete emptying

61
Q

Non-reflex: LMN bladder - lesion

A

injury bilateral sacral cord or spinal roots lesion

62
Q

Non-reflex: LMN bladder - consequences

A

Incontinence; severe retention
(overflow incontinence)

63
Q

Neural to humoral

A

NT released in the blood system and then travel to another place in the body

EX: the heart is responsive to neuron-to-neuron transmitter and circulating NT

64
Q

Neuron to humoral to endocrine to humoral

A

Neuron makes neural hormone and release it into a portal system – this is picked up by a gland (normally) – this then make a neural hormone and releases it into the blood system

65
Q

where is insulin a transmitter

A

the brain

this has complications with diabetes​

66
Q

Anterior hypo is between what two structures

A

Between the anterior commissure and the optic chiasm

67
Q

Supraoptic nucleus (SON) and Paraventricular nucleus (PVN) have cconnectcions with what two structure

A

hypo to the posterior pit

68
Q

Supraoptic nucleus (SON) and Paraventricular nucleus (PVN) NT and hormone relase

A

direct release – vasopressin and oxytocin

Magnocellular neurons

69
Q

what is the function of vasopressin

A

reuptake of the fluid through the kidney tubercles- fluid regulation and pressure

70
Q

most things in the anterior hypo have to do with what

A

fluid balance

71
Q

Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) get what kind of input

A

gets direct retinal ganglion input, called the biological clock

This is why light entrains the circadian rhythms
Regulate our physiology by physical patterns

72
Q

Anterior hypothalamus is responsible for

A

fluid electrolyte balance; temperature regulation; aging; circadian rhythms

73
Q

Medial basal hypothalamus role

A

endocrine regulation

Has control over all the steroid hormones

74
Q

steroid hormones and cells

A

can influence the DNA of a cell – as well influencing the receptor on the cell surface

75
Q

indirect release of medial basal hypothalamus neurons

A

The neuron in the hypo make a neuronal hormone (releasing factor) that is release in the medial eminence

Releasing factor (RF) is transported in the blood to the ant pituitary

RF is picked up by the neurons in ant pit

these release an activity neurohormone into the blood

76
Q

Negative Feedback control - medial basal​ hypo

A

have enough of product this loop with come back and shut down production

77
Q

short loop - medial basal​ hypo

A

pituitary hormone inhibits at the hypothalamus (e.g. pituitary hormones)

Stop the release of the corticotropic releasing factor

78
Q

long loop - medial basal​ hypo

A

target organ/gland hormone inhibits at the hypothalamus (e.g. steroid hormones)

79
Q

Higher centers

A

target organ/gland hormone inhibits at the hippocampus (cortex) then to hypothalamus (e.g. gluccocorticoids)

cortisol > activates the hippocampus > inhibition of the hypo > stop CRF from being released

80
Q

stress and loops

A

Stress: if we keep on releasing cortisol, this leads to our hippocampal neurons being activated all the time

Constant activation of our hippo neurons causes them to metabolically burn out

Hippo – memory and learning

81
Q

Gluccocorticoids

A

Mobilize energy

Increase cardiovascular activity and readiness

Suppress long term building projects: growth, reproduction, immunity…

82
Q

When you do not inhibit the hypo there is BLANK release of cortisol

A

more

83
Q

When gluc-cort kept on being release - what does the hippo do

A

tries to protect itself

protection: neurons take there receptors off of the surface of the cells > now things cannot come in > eventually leads to the greater release of cort because the hippocampus is not activating

In the end the hippo neurons will die from being overactivated – loss

84
Q

Posterior hypothalamus role

A

mediates physiological response to emotion and drives

major output of the hypothalamus

85
Q

Posterior hypothalamus connection​

A

limbic system

link between the hypo and the ANS, forebrain (cortex), and limbic

86
Q

Posterior hypothalamus location

A

From the mamillary body to the midbrain

87
Q

Lateral hypothalamus connection

A

Connects to forebrain limbic nuclei; brainstem nuclei of ANS

88
Q

Lateral hypothalamus role

A

emergency and survival responses (mediated with/via posterior hypothalamus);

center for rage response

89
Q

Hypothalamic hypophyseal tract

A

carries the direct neuro release from the ant hypo to the pos pit

90
Q

Median eminence portal system

A

Medial basal release their releasing hormones

Releasing factor path

91
Q

Mammillothalamic tract

A

Meaning full memory and learning
Emotions and drive

92
Q

Medial forebrain bundle

A

From the post hypo there is direct connections

Major pathway foe the output of the post hypo

93
Q

Hypothalamus general functions

A

Detects information
Compares“to a setpoint”
Output – effects a response

94
Q

Detects information - External environment

A

visual, cortical, hippocampal

95
Q

Detects information - internal environment

A

visceral afferents, specialized neurons sensitive to physiological stimuli (e.g. osmoreceptors; gluccoreceptors)

96
Q

Compares“to a setpoint

A

Integrative nuclei; determine need for a response
The hypo has an idea where the body should be – and compare it to what you are at the moment

97
Q

role of the hypo

A

smart control coordinating center.

Its main function is to keep your body in a stable state called homeostasis.

It does its job by directly influencing your autonomic nervous system or by managing hormones

98
Q

Output – effects a response

A

ANS via brainstem
Endocrine via pituitary
Behavioral means via limbic system/cerebral cortex

Neuro 1 (14 decks)

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