Viruses Review Flashcards
1
Q
What is the most common outcome after infection with poliovirus?
A
Asymptomatic Infection
2
Q
How is poliovirus transmitted?
A
Fecal-oral
3
Q
How is infection by poliovirus detected?
A
Detection of viral sequences by RT-PCR
4
Q
What is the mechanism/pathogenesis of poliomyelitis?
A
Lytic destruction of anterior horn cells
5
Q
What is the main disease caused by poliovirus?
A
Poliomyelitis
6
Q
Are there any anti-viral therapies for treating poliovirus-infected patients?
A
No
7
Q
Are there any vaccines to prevent poliomyelitis - if yes, what ones?
A
- Live-attenuated oral vaccine
- Killed-virus injected vaccine
8
Q
Are there any long term consequences associated with poliovirus infection?
A
Long-lived protective immunity
9
Q
What disease is most commonly associated with coxsackie virus?
A
Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease
10
Q
What is the mechanism of transmission for coxsackie virus?
A
Fecal-oral
11
Q
What are the most common method of diagnosis for infections with coxsackie virus?
A
Clinical diagnosis by common presentation
12
Q
What is the pathogenesis of hand, foot, and mouth disease?
A
Viremia leading to skin infection and causing cell death
13
Q
Are there antiviral therapeutics for coxsackie virus?
A
No
14
Q
Are there vaccines available to protect against coxsackie virus?
A
No
15
Q
Are there long term consequences to coxsackie virus?
A
Long-lived protective immunity
16
Q
What is the most common form of infection associated with enterovirus D68?
A
Respiratory Infection
17
Q
What is the mechanism of transmission for enterovirus D68?
A
- Respiratory
- Contact with contaminated surfaces
18
Q
What are the current methods of detection for infections with D68 virus?
A
PCR and/or isolate virus and culture for cytopathic effect
19
Q
What is the pathogenesis of infection with D68?
A
Viremia leading to respiratory tract infection
20
Q
Are there antiviral therapeutics for D68 infections?
A
Pleconaril for severe cases
21
Q
Are there vaccines available to protect against infection by D68?
A
No
22
Q
Are there long term consequences to infections with D68?
A
Long-lived protective immunity
23
Q
What is the family and genome of Hepatitis A virus?
A
Single stranded positive RNA Enterovirus - Picornaviridae family
24
Q
How is HAV most commonly transmitted?
A
Fecal-oral
25
What is the recommended current method of detection for Hepatitis A infection?
Serology by antibody capture for HAV specific IgM
26
What is the mechanism of pathogenesis for HAV?
Viremia resulting in targeting of the liver
27
Are there anti-viral therapies available against HAV?
Vaccine can be administered during the prodrome period of infection
28
Is there a vaccine available for protection against HAV?
Killed-virus injected vaccine
29
Are there long term consequences of a HAV infection?
Long-term protective immunity
30
What does rhinovirus normally cause?
Common Cold
31
What is the transmission of rhinovirus?
Respiratory
32
How is rhinovirus diagnosed?
Film array RT‐PCR assay
33
What is the pathogenesis of rhinovirus?
Lytic replication in the respiratory epithelium
34
Are there long term consequences of rhinovirus infection?
Type‐specific immunity
35
Are there vaccines or treatments for rhinovirus?
No
36
What is the most common manifestation of a rotavirus infection?
Epidemic diarrhea in young children
37
How is Rotavirus most commonly transmitted?
Fecal-oral
38
What samples should you send to the lab to make a proper diagnosis of Rotavirus?
Fecal sample
39
What is the pathogenesis of Rotavirus?
Enterotoxin production causing calcium release
40
Are there any effective anti-viral agentsavailable against rotavirus?
No
41
Is there a vaccine currently available for Rotavirus?
- Rotateq: a live-attenuated pentavalent vaccine
| - Rotarix: a live-attenated vaccine protective against one genotype
42
Are there any long-term consequences to rotavirus infections?
Short- term immunity with less severe reinfection
43
What is the genome and family of Influenza virus?
Segmented negative strand RNA Orthomyxovirus
44
How is Influenza virus most commonly transmitted?
Respiratory
45
What is the current method of detection of Influenza virus?
Film array RT-PCR assay
46
What is the mechanism of pathogenesis of Influenza virus infection?
Exuberant immune responses cause lethargy, muscle aches, fever while necrotic infected cell debris and inflammatory infiltrates occupy airways and impede breathing
47
Are there any anti-viral therapies available against Influenza virus?
Amantidine or Neuraminidase Inhibitors
48
Are there vaccines available against Influenza virus?
- Live-attenuated vaccine
| - Subunit vaccine with current year HA and N
49
Why do people need to be vaccinated annually for Influenza virus?
Because new influenza strains arise due to antigenic drift and antigenic shift
50
What is the most common manifestation of a norovirus infection?
Diarrhea associated with viral infections on cruise ships
51
How is Norovirus most commonly transmitted?
Fecal-oral
52
What tests is the most commonly done in the lab to make a Norovirus diagnosis?
RT-PCR by the public health department
53
What is the pathogenesis of Norovirus?
Lysis and shedding of gut epithelial cells
54
Are there any effective anti-viral agentsavailable against Norovirus?
No
55
Is there a vaccine currently available for Noravirus?
No
56
Are there any long-term consequences to norovirus infections?
Norovirus type specific immunity
57
What is the most common disease associated with RSV?
Severe lower respiratory tract infection in children
58
How is Respiratory syncytial virus usually transmitted?
Inhalation of respiratory droplets
59
What is the current recommended mode of detection for Respiratory syncytial virus?
Film array RT-PCR of nasal wash
60
What is the pathogenesis of RSV?
- Necrosis of bronchiolar epithelium in 18-24 hrs
- Submucosal edema
- Bronchioles occluded with mucus and cellular debris
- Hyperinflation and air trapping
61
Are there any effective anti-viral agentsavailable for treatment of hospitalized children with RSV?
No
62
Are there any effective therapeutics against RSV?
Administer Palivizumab prior to infection - Ab against RSV protein
63
Is there a vaccine currently available for RSV?
No
64
Are there any long-term consequences to RSV infections?
Short term immunity with chance for less severe reinfection
65
What is the most common disease associated with Parainfluenza virus in children?
Croup
66
How is parainfluenza virus transmitted?
Respiratory droplets
67
What is the current recommended mode of detection for Parainfluenza virus?
- Film array RT-PCR
| - Clinical diagnosis by common presentation
68
Knowing the pathogenesis of Parainfluenza virus, which of the following are the expected clinical findings?
Coldlike symptoms, bronchitis, croup
69
Are there any effective therapeutic agents available to treat Parainfluenza virus infections?
Glucocorticoids for severe cases of croup
70
Is there a vaccine currently available for Parainfluenza virus?
No
71
Are there any long term complications to Parainfluenza virus infection?
Short-term immunity
72
What is the most common manifestation of disease associated with Mumps virus infection?
Parotitis
73
How is the Mumps virus most commonly transmitted?
Respiratory
74
How is Mumps virus currently diagnosed?
Clinical symptoms with confirmation by serology performed by the public health department
75
What is the most common pathogenesis of a Mumps infection?
Viral replication in respiratory tract leading to viremia & infection and inflammation of parotid gland
76
Are there any approved anti-virals against Mumps infection?
No
77
Is there a vaccine currently available for Mumps virus?
Live-attenuated vaccine in combination with Measles and Rubella and Varicella
78
Are there any major consequences to Mumps infections?
Long-term immunity
79
What is the most common manifestation of disease associated with Measles virus infection?
Maculopapular rash, coryza, cough and conjunctivitis and koplik's spots
80
How is the Measles virus usually transmitted?
Respiratory from the cough of infected person
81
How is Measles virus currently diagnosed?
Clinical symptoms with confirmation by serology performed by the public health department
82
What is the most common pathogenesis of a Measles infection?
Viral replication in respiratory tract leading to viremia and rash
83
Are there any approved anti-virals against Measles infection?
No
84
Is there a vaccine currently available for Measles virus?
Live-attenuated vaccine in combination with Mumps and Rubella and Varicella
85
Are there any major consequences to Measles infections?
Long-term immunity with rare risk of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
86
What is the common name given to Rubella virus infection?
German Measles
87
How is the Rubella virus usually transmitted?
- Respiratory
| - Mother to fetus
88
What laboratory test is done to diagnose Rubella virus?
Serology
89
What is the most common pathogenesis of a Rubella infection?
Viral replication in respiratory tract leading to viremia and rash
90
Are there any approved anti-virals against Rubella infection?
No
91
Is there a vaccine currently available for Rubella virus?
Live-attenuated vaccine in combination with Mumps and Measles and Varicella
92
Are there any consequences to Rubella infections in pregnant women?
Congenital Rubella Syndrome
93
What is the genome and family of HIV?
Positive strand RNA lentivirus
94
How is HIV most typically transmitted?
Sexual contact, sharing needles or mother to newborn
95
What is the current method of detection of HIV?
Serology and confirmation by Western blot
96
What is the mechanism of pathogenesis of HIV?
- HIV targets CD4 positive T cells and macrophages causes a flu like syndrome
- Chronic viral replication results in a depletion of CD4 T cells during a period of clinical latency
- Low T cell count increases susceptibility to opportunistic infections and clinical AIDs
97
Are there any available anti-virals to treat patients with HIV?
Yes, triple drug therapy is required to prevent drug resistant mutants from arising during treatment. Antivirals are a combination of reverse-transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors and integrase inhibitors.
98
Is there a vaccine available against HIV?
No vaccines are currently available
99
Are there long-term consequences to HIV infection?
Progression to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
100
What is the most common primary manifestation of HSV1?
Cold Sores
101
How is HSV1 usually transmitted?
Close contact such as kissing, wrestling or sex
102
How is HSV1 typically diagnosed?
Clinical presentation
103
What is the pathogenesis of HSV1?
Primary lytic infection of epithelial cells followed by infection of sensory neurons of the trigeminal ganglia where the virus can become latent, and reactivation can occur.
104
Are there any anti-virals available against HSV1?
- Acyclovir
| - Pritelivir
105
Are there any possible consequences of HSV1?
Latent infection with the possibility for recurrence
106
What is the most common clinical primary manifestation of infection with EBV?
Infectious Mononucleosis
107
How is EBV most commonly transmitted?
Contact with saliva
108
How can infection with EBV be diagnosed?
Monospot test for heterophile antibodies
109
What is the pathogenesis of EBV?
Virus infects epithelia spreading to B cells where it replicates. Virus becomes latent in B cells with sporatic recurrence.
110
Are there any anti-virals available to treat infection with EBV?
No
111
Is there a vaccine available against EBV?
No
112
Are there any possible long term consequences of EBV infection?
- Burkitt's Lymphoma (malaria cofactor)
- Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma (Chinese herb cofactor)
- Latent infection with sporadic virus reactivation and shedding
113
What is the most common primary manifestation of HSV2?
Vesicular eruptions on the genitalia
114
How is HSV2 usually transmitted?
- Close contact such as kissing, wrestling or sex
| - Mother to newborn
115
How is HSV2 diagnosed?
PCR of viral DNA from the lesion
116
What is the pathogenesis of HSV2?
Primary lytic infection of epithelium of genitalia followed by latent infection of sensory cells of the sacral ganglion. Recurrent infection can occur, usually at the same site as the primary infection.
117
Are there any anti-virals available against HSV2?
- Acyclovir
| - Pritelivir
118
Is there a vaccine available for HSV2?
No
119
Are there any consequences of HSV2 infection?
- Latent infection and recurrence
| - Neonatal infections leading to recovery, neurological impairment, or death
120
What is the most common primary manifestation of Varicella-zoster infection?
Chicken Pox
121
How is Varicella-zoster usually transmitted?
Respiratory
122
How is infection with Varicella-zoster typically diagnosed?
Clinical presentation
123
What is the pathogenesis of Varicella-zoster infection?
Primary systemic infection with generalized, vesicular rash that results in latent infection that can reactivate as shingles.
124
Are there any anti-virals available to treat Varicella-zoster infection?
Acyclovir
125
Is there a vaccine available for Varicella-zoster?
Live-attenuated vaccine - MMRV
126
Are there any possible consequences of Varicella-zoster?
Latent infection with the possibility for recurrence as shingles
127
What is the most common primary manifestation of infection with CMV?
- Asymptomatic, although severe disease can occur in neonates
- Infectious mononucleosis (about 10% of cases in young children)
128
How is CMV most commonly transmitted?
Saliva, secretions and mother to newborn
129
How can infection with CMV be diagnosed?
- PCR of viral DNA from newborn patient sample
- Serology for CMV specific antibodies from patients with infectious mononucleosis
- Histology for "owl's eye" nuclei of inclusion bodies in CMV pneumonia
130
What is the pathogenesis of CMV?
Virus infects epithelium and establishes latency in T cells, macrophages, and other cell types. Virus shedding from saliva and secretions occurs sporadically throughout life.
131
Are there any anti-virals available to treat infection with CMV?
Ganiciclovir
132
Is there a vaccine available against CMV?
No
133
Are there any possible consequences of CMV infection?
Life long sporadic shedding of virus
134
What viruses can cause roseola?
HHV6 and HHV7
135
What is the most common clinical presentation of Roseola?
Sudden onset of fever for 2 days, followed by rash in infants
136
How is Roseola most commonly transmitted?
Respiratory
137
How can infection with Roseola be diagnosed?
Clinical presentation
138
What is the pathogenesis of Roseola?
Virus incubation for 4 to 7 days, followed by high fever. When the fever ends a rash will appear. Latency is established in T cells with no known reactivation.
139
Are there any anti-virals available to treat infection with Roseola?
No
140
Is there a vaccine available against Roseola?
No
141
Are there any possible consequences of Roseola infection?
Latent infection with no known clinical recurrence
142
In what subset of patients would you normally see Kaposi's sarcoma?
HIV/AIDs patients
143
How is HHV-8 most commonly transmitted?
Sexual contact
144
How can infection with HHV-8 be diagnosed?
Clinical presentation and PCR for viral DNA
145
What is the pathogenesis of HHV-8?
T cells control and resolve infection, but activation of Kaposi's lesions occurs during immunosuppression.
146
Are there any anti-virals available to treat infection with HHV-8?
No, but treating AIDS patients with HAART will restore T cells that will control the HHV-8 infection.
147
Is there a vaccine available against HHV-8?
No
148
Are there any possible consequences of HHV-8 infection?
Kaposi's Sarcoma in immune compromised patients
149
What genetic material is found in parvovirus B19?
Single Strand DNA
150
What is the main disease caused by parvovirus B19?
Erythema Infectiosums (Fifth Disease) - AKA "Slapped-cheek" Syndrome
151
What is the method of transmission of parvovirus B19?
Respiratory
152
How is parvovirus B19 diagnosed?
Clinical diagnosis/Serology/PCR of serum from aplastic crisis
153
What is the pathogenesis of parvovirus B19?
Replicates in erythroid precursor nuclei
154
Is there a vaccine for parvovirus B19?
No
155
Is there a treatment for parvovirus B19?
No - only in immunocompromised patients
| - Intravenous Ig for aplastic crisis in immunocompromised patients
156
Are there any long term effects of parvovirus B19 infection?
Long‐term immunity
157
What is the family and genome of Hepatitis C virus?
Single stranded positive RNA Enveloped Flavivirus
158
How is HCV most commonly transmitted?
Transfusion, needle sharing, contact with blood
159
What is the recommended current method of detection for Hepatitis C infection?
RT-PCR and sequencing for genotype
160
What is the mechanism of pathogenesis for HCV?
Viremia resulting in targeting of the liver and persistent infection in the majority of patients
161
Are there anti-viral therapies available against HCV?
Direct acting anti-virals (DAAs) including protease inhibitors and polymerase inhibitors
162
Is there a vaccine available for protection against HCV?
No
163
What is the most clinically significant long term consequence of HCV infection?
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
164
What type of virus causes Yellow Fever?
Positive single strand RNA, enveloped virus Flavivirus
165
How is Yellow Fever usually transmitted?
Insect vector with an urban cycle
166
How is Yellow Fever typically diagnosed?
Clinical diagnosis by common presentation and travel history. Confirmation by serology by the public health department
167
What is the pathogenesis of Yellow Fever?
Viremia resulting in extensive viral replication in the liver
168
How do you treat a patient with Yellow Fever?
Supportive care
169
Is there a vaccine currently available for Yellow fever?
Live-attenuated vaccine
170
Are there any major consequences to Yellow Fever infections?
- Long-term immunity
| - Death is possible
171
What is the most severe manifestation of disease associated with Dengue virus?
Hemorrhagic Fever/Break Bone Fever
172
How is Dengue virus usually transmitted?
Mosquito vector with monkey reservoir
173
In places endemic with Dengue virus, what is the laboratory test of diagnosis?
ELISA of serum for NS1
174
What is the pathogenesis of Dengue?
Immunopathogenesis causing fever and rash
175
Are there any effective therapies against Dengue virus?
No
176
Is there an effective vaccine currently available for Dengue virus?
No
177
Are there any major consequences to Dengue virus infections?
Antibody dependent enhancement of disease if infected with another serotype
178
What is the most common cause of epidemic encephalitis in the USA?
West Nile Virus
179
How is West Nile virus usually transmitted?
Mosquito vector with marsh bird reservoir
180
How is West Nile Virus typically diagnosed?
RT-PCR or Serology
181
What is the pathogenesis of West Nile Virus?
Viremia leading to infection of the CNS
182
Are there any effective therapies against West Nile Virus?
No
183
Is there a vaccine currently available for West Nile virus?
No
184
What population is most likely to exhibit severe disease after West Nile virus infections?
Adults over 60
185
What is the family and genome of St Louis Encephalitis Virus?
Single stranded positive RNA Flavivirus
186
What is the reservoir for St. Louis Encephalitis Virus?
Marsh Bird reservoir with an Urban Cycle
187
How is St Louis Encephalitis Virus typically detected?
RT-PCR and Serology
188
What is the pathogenesis of SLEV?
Viremia leading to infection of the CNS
189
Are there any effective therapies against St Louis Encephalitis Virus?
No
190
Is there a vaccine currently available for St Louis Encephalitis virus?
No
191
Are there any major consequences to St Louis Encephalitis virus infections?
Long-term immunity
192
What is the family and genome of Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus?
Single stranded positive RNA Togavirus
193
How is EEE virus usually transmitted?
Mosquito vector with a marsh bird reservoir
194
What is the pathogenesis of EEE viral infection?
Viremia leading to infection of the CNS
195
Are there any effective therapies against EEE Virus?
No
196
Is there a vaccine currently available for EEE virus for humans?
No - only for horses
197
Are there any major consequences to EEE viral infections?
Fatality or long-term immunity
198
What are the major diseases associated with Papilloma virus?
- Warts
| - Cervical Carcinoma
199
How is Papilloma Virus typically diagnosed?
Clinical presentation with a Pap smear for malignant transformation
200
What is the pathogenesis of Papilloma virus infection?
Virus production associated with cell differentiation with E6 and E7 binding to tumor suppressor proteins
201
Are there any effective anti-viral therapies against Papilloma Virus?
Imiquimod, interferon and cidofovir
202
Is there a vaccine currently available for Papilloma virus?
Virus-like particle from types 6, 11, 16, 18 vaccine
203
Are there any major consequences to Papilloma viral infections?
Cervical Carcinoma
204
What is the most common manifestation of disease associated with existing human Coronavirus infections?
Common cold or Gastroenteritis
205
How are Coronaviruses usually transmitted?
Respiratory spread through close contact
206
How are Coronaviruses currently diagnosed?
Film array PCR
207
What is the best way to describe the pathogenesis of a Coronavirus infection?
Viral replication leading to inflammation
208
Are there any approved anti-virals against coronaviruses?
No
209
Is there a vaccine currently tested and available for Coronaviruses such as SARS?
No
210
Are there any major consequences to emerging coronavirus infections?
Pandemic diseases such as SARS and MERS
211
What is the family and genome of Hepatitis E virus?
Single stranded positive RNA Hepevirus
212
How is HEV most commonly transmitted?
Fecal-oral
213
What is the recommended current method of detection for Hepatitis E infection?
Serology or RT-PCR by the public health department
214
What is the mechanism of pathogenesis for HEV?
Viremia resulting in targeting of the liver
215
Are there anti-viral therapies available against HEV?
No
216
Is there a vaccine available for protection against HEV?
No
217
Are there long term consequences of a HEV infection?
Long- lived protective immunity in healthy individuals; higher chance of mortality in pregnant women
218
What are the manifestations of disease during Adenovirus infection?
- Conjunctivitis
| - Multiple URTI syndromes
219
How is adenovirus usually transmitted?
Respiratory - some types can be fecal-oral as well
220
How is adenovirus typically diagnosed?
Film array PCR
221
What is the pathogenesis of adenovirus infection in the eye?
Viral replication leading to inflammation
222
Are there any effective anti-viral therapies against adenovirus?
No
223
Is there a vaccine currently available for adenovirus?
Not for public use - Live-attenuated vaccine for military personnel only
224
Are there any major consequences to adenovirus infections?
Long-term type specific immunity
225
Where is smallpox infections still a prevalent disease?
Nowhere - it has been eradicated
226
How was Smallpox virus usually transmitted?
Respiratory
227
How would Smallpox virus be diagnosed?
Clinical presentation, confirmed by sequencing by Homeland Security
228
What was the pathogenesis of Smallpox virus infection?
Replication in the respiratory tract, viremia leading to characteristic rash
229
Are there any effective anti-viral therapies against Smallpox Virus?
No
230
Is there a vaccine currently available for Smallpox virus?
Live-attenuated vaccine; currently administered to military personnel
231
What is the genetic composition of Smallpox virus?
Enveloped double stranded DNA
232
Are there any major consequences to Smallpox being eradicated?
Not needing continued vaccinations saves the health care system millions of dollars a year
233
What is the family and genome of Hepatitis B virus?
Partly double stranded DNA Hepadnavirus
234
How can HBV be transmitted?
- Sexual
| - Mother to newborn
235
What is the recommended current method of detection for Hepatitis B virus infection?
Serology by antibody capture for HBV specific antibodies
236
What is the mechanism of pathogenesis for HBV?
Viremia resulting in targeting of the liver
237
Are there anti-viral therapies available against HBV?
Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) such as Lamivudine or Adefovir Dipivoxil
238
Is there a vaccine available for protection against HBV?
Subunit vaccine
239
What is the most clinically significant long term consequence of HBV infection?
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
240
What is the most common disease associated with Hantavirus?
Pulmonary Syndrome
241
How is Hantavirus usually transmitted?
Zoonotic infection from inhalation of urine or feces from infected deer mice
242
What is the current laboratory test for diagnosis of Hantavirus?
Serology performed by the public health department
243
What is the pathogenesis of Hantavirus?
Viral replication in respiratory tract, inflammation and pneumonia
244
Are there any effective anti-viral therapies available for Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome?
No
245
Is there a vaccine currently available for Hantavirus?
No
246
Are there any major consequences to Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome?
- Long-term immunity
- Fatality
??????????????? Latency - EDIT Later - not sure if virus is latent or not
247
What family does Ebola virus belong to?
Filoviridae
248
What is the most common manifestation of disease associated with Ebola virus?
Hemorrhagic Fever
249
How is Ebola usually transmitted person to person?
Direct contact with infected blood or body fluids
250
How is Ebola typically diagnosed in the United States?
RT-PCR from the sera
251
What is the pathogenesis of Ebola?
Viremia resulting in extensive viral replication and cell death and organ failure
252
How do you treat a patient with Ebola?
- Supportive care
| - Compassionate use of non-FDA approved anti-virals or neutralizing monoclonal antibodies
253
Is there a vaccine currently available for Ebola?
No
254
Are there any major consequences to Ebola infections?
Fatality, persistent infection, or recovery with long-term immunity
255
What are the common symptoms when infected with Colorado Tick Fever Virus?
Fever and rash
256
How is Colorado Tick Fever usually transmitted?
Tick bite
257
What Laboratory test is used to diagnose Colorado Tick Fever?
Serology by the public health department
258
What is the pathogenesis of Colorado Tick Fever?
Viremia resulting in inflammation and rash followed by recovery
259
Are there any effective anti-viral therapies for Colorado Tick Fever Virus?
No
260
Is there a vaccine currently available for Colorado Tick Fever Virus?
No
261
Are there any major consequences to Colorado Tick Fever infections?
Long-term immunity
262
What is the most striking manifestation of Chikungunya virus infection compared to other arboviruses?
Arthralgia
263
What family does Chikungunya virus belong to?
Togaviridae
264
How is Chikungunya virus usually transmitted?
Insect vector
265
How is Chikungunya Virus typically diagnosed in the United States?
Serology and PCR by the public health department
266
What is the pathogenesis of Chikungunya virus infection?
Viremia leading to polyarthralgia and rash
267
Are there any effective therapies against Chikungunya Virus?
No
268
Is there a vaccine currently available for Chikungunya virus?
No
269
Are there any major consequences to Chikungunya viral infections?
Polyarthralgia can last weeks to months
270
What type of genetic material is Hepatitis D made of?
Single stranded RNA viroid - enveloped
271
What is the most serious disease that Hepatitis D can cause?
Fulminant Hepatitis
272
How can Hepatitis D be transmitted?
- Mother to child
- Transfusion
- IV drug use
- Sexual intercourse
273
How is Hepatitis D diagnosed?
Serology by antibody capture
274
What is the pathogenesis of Hepatitis D?
Co-infection with HBV leading to viremia that targets the liver and cause fulminant disease
275
Are there drug therapies or treatment for Hepatitis D?
Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs)
276
What are the long term outcomes of Hepatitis D infection?
- Chronic Hepatitis
| - Death
277
Is there a vaccine available for Hepatitis D?
HBV subunit vaccine
278
What is the genetic material in California Encephalitis Virus?
Negative single stranded RNA that is segmented and has an envelope
279
What is the disease caused by California Encephalitis Virus?
Encephalitis
280
What is the transmission of California Encephalitis Virus?
Mosquito bite
281
How is California Encephalitis Virus diagnosed?
Serology
282
What is the pathogenesis of California Encephalitis Virus?
Viremia leading to CNS infection
283
Are there therapies for California Encephalitis Virus?
No
284
Is there a vaccine for California Encephalitis Virus?
No
285
What is the long term outcome of California Encephalitis Virus?
Long-term immunity
286
What is the genetic material found in Rabies Virus?
Negative single stranded RNA and is enveloped
287
What is the main disease caused by Rabies Virus?
Rabies
288
How is Rabies Virus transmitted?
Bites from skunks, raccoons or bats most commonly - dog bites are actually rare in the US
289
How is Rabies Virus diagnosed?
Detection of viral antigens in the brain; RT-PCR for genotype
290
What is the pathogenesis of Rabies Virus ?
Replication in muscle, spread from nerves to brain via retrograde travel
291
Is there a vaccine available for Rabies Virus?
Killed-virus vaccine
292
Are there therapies available for Rabies Virus?
Anti-rabies Ig post exposure, no therapy on onset
293
What is the long term outcome of Rabies Virus infection?
- Long-term immunity
| - Death
294
What is the genetic material of Molluscum Contagiosum?
Enveloped DNA
295
What is the disease caused by Molluscum Contagiosum?
Molluscum Contagiosum
296
How is Molluscum Contagiosum transmitted?
Contact
297
How is Molluscum Contagiosum diagnosed?
Clinical diagnosis from the pearl-like lesions
298
Are there therapies for Molluscum Contagiosum?
No - the lesions take months to resolve
299
Is there a vaccine for Molluscum Contagiosum?
No
300
What is the long term outcome of Molluscum Contagiosum infection?
- Long term immunity
| - Persistent infection in AIDS patients
301
Are there long term consequences of a HDV infection?
Reinfection with less severity
