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Pathology > Respiratory Tract Infections > Flashcards

Respiratory Tract Infections Flashcards

1
Q

What are the common upper respiratory tract infections?

A
  • Rhinitis
  • Sinusitis
  • Pharyngitis
  • Epiglottitis
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2
Q

What is the cause of most rhinitis?

A

Viral

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3
Q

What are the causes of sinusitis?

A

Many are viral, some bacterial (S pneumonia, H flu, moraxella and oral anaerobes)

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4
Q

Why is pharyngitis often treated?

A

Treatment prevents complications (rheumatic fever, post strep GN)

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5
Q

What are the signs of epiglottitis?

A

– High fever, systemic toxicity, drooling, blood cultures positive in 65% of kids, 30% adults

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6
Q

What are the causes of epiglottitis?

A

H flu, group A strep, H parainfluenza

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7
Q

What are the cause of acute bronchitis?

A
  • Majority are viral (influenza, parainfluenza, RSV, coronavirus, adenovirus, rhinovirus)
  • Bacteria include mycoplasma, strep pneumoniae, H flu, chlamydophila, B pertussis
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8
Q

What are some risk factors for pneumonia?

A
  • Old age
  • Pulmonary disease
  • Smoking
  • Recent viral illness
  • Diabetes
  • Chronic renal disease
  • Immunodeficiency
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9
Q

What are some signs of pneumonia?

A
  • Cough, sputum, fever, shortness of breath

* Signs of consolidation

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10
Q

What is seen in typical CAP?

A

Acute onset of symptoms (cough, sputum, fever, shaking chills), lobar infiltrate, gram stain with PMNs and organisms

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11
Q

What is the most common cause of typical CAP?

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

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12
Q

What is seen in atypical CAP?

A

Subacute onset of symptoms, prodrome, milder symptoms (“walking pneumonia”), negative gram stain

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13
Q

What are the common causes of atypical CAP?

A

Mycoplasma, Chlamydia, Legionella, viruses

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14
Q

What are the typical signs of influenza?

A

Fever, cough, headache, sore throat, myalgias.

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15
Q

What are the signs of CAP in pediatric patients?

A

• Tachypnea, fever, cough, dyspnea

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16
Q

What are the major organisms causing CAP in the 3 pediatric age ranges (under 2/5-10/10-16)?

A
  • Under 2: Viral (RSV, rhinovirus)
  • 5‐10 years old: Mycoplasma
  • 10‐16: S. pneumoniae, Chlamydophila
17
Q

What is the outpatient treatment for CAP?

A

Macrolide or doxycycline

18
Q

What is the in-patient treatment for CAP?

A

– Respiratory fluoroquinolone

– 􏰝Lactam + macrolide

19
Q

What are the possibilities if CAP is not responding to therapy?

A

‐ Inadequate dosing

‐ Host factors (slower response in elderly, patients with other chronic illnesses, alcoholics)

20
Q

What are the typical organisms of HAP?

A

Klebsiella, E coli, Enterobacter, Proteus, Serratia, Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter

21
Q

What is the treatment for HAP?

A

Early, broad empiric therapy that is narrowed down with the culture results

22
Q

What are some organisms involved in chronic pneumonia?

A
  • Mycobacterium (TB or atypical)
  • Nocardia
  • Actinomyces
  • Endemic fungi (histo, blasto, cocci)
  • Coxiella
  • Tularemia
  • Anatomic problem
23
Q

What are organisms commonly involved in lung abscess?

A

Commonly isolated organisms include anaerobic mouth organisms (bacteroides, fusobacterium, peptostreptococcus), aerobic and anaerobic streptococcus, GNRs

24
Q

What organisms is someone with neutrophil deficiency susceptible to?

A

Gram negative rods (Pseudomonas and H flu), Staph, Aspergillus, Candida

25
Q

What organisms is someone with T cell deficiency susceptible to?

A

– Fungi (candida, aspergillus, cryptococcus)
– Viral (CMV, HSV)
– Pneumocystis, Mycobacteria, Listeria

26
Q

What organisms is someone with B cell deficiency susceptible to?

A

Encapsulated organisms: S pneumoniae, H flu, Neisseria, Klebsiella, E coli, Giardia

27
Q

What is CMV pneumonia?

A

Rare in immunocompetent but is seen in those with T cell deficiency and involves multiple organ systems

28
Q

What can cause neutrophil deficiency?

A

Chemotherapy, leukemia, chronic granulomatous disease

29
Q

What can cause T cell deficiency?

A

AIDS, T cell lymphoma, Transplant, DiGeorge’s syndrome

30
Q

What can cause B cell deficiency?

A

Splenectomy, chronic lymphocytic lymphoma, Non Hodgkin’s Lymphoma, Myeloma, gamma globulin deficiencies

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