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Microbiology Exam 3 > Viruses Part 2 > Flashcards

Viruses Part 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Can we grow viruses on agar plates?why?

A

No, because it needs live hosts cells
( on an agar it just nutrients )

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2
Q

What are viruses ?

A

Obligate intracellular parasites

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3
Q

Where do we culture viruses?

A

Embryonated eggs

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4
Q

What is the most common way to culture viruses?

A

Live cells

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5
Q

What type of cells are the best used when trying to culture a virus ? And in what?

A

Transformed cells ( cancer cells ) in tissue culture

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6
Q

Why are transformed cells, cancer cells, the best type of cell to use when trying to culture viruses?

A

Because they don’t die

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7
Q

What’s also another name for transformed cells, that isn’t cancer cells? Why do we call that?

A

Continuous immortal cell lives
( cause they don’t die as fast, and we have every type of cancer cell in any tissue from our body )

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8
Q

What is the hardest culture to grow viruses on? Or use them on?

A

Animals

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9
Q

What was the first/ and most famous cell line that we used on tissue culture?

A

HeLa cells

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10
Q

Who was the person name associated with HeLa cells?

A

Henrietta lacks

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11
Q

How did HeLA cells help us?

A

To help develop cancer research method that tested if it was cancer or not

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12
Q

What are the 3 cultivation of viruses?

A

Bacteriophage
Plant viruses
Animal viruses

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13
Q

How does bacteriophage work in cultivation of viruses?

A

Suspension or solid media to form plaques

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14
Q

How does plant viruses work in cultivation of viruses? (2)

A

Whole plant or plant cell culture

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15
Q

How does animal viruses work for cultivation of viruses?(3)

A

Whole animal
Embryonated eggs
Animal cell culture

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16
Q

What are the 3 lines that we can use to culture animal viruses?

A

Primary cell lines
Diploid cell lines
Continuous cell lines

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17
Q

What are primary cell lines? ( how long does it last )

A

Derived from tissues by enzymes
( usually die after couple of generations )

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18
Q

What are diploid cell lines? ( how long does it last )

A

Derived from human embryos
( multiply for about 50-100 generation then die )

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19
Q

What are continuous cell lines? ( how long do they last )

A

Immoral lines derived from transformed or cancerous cells
( multiplies indefinitely & are immoral )

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20
Q

What are continuous cell lines mainly used in?

A

Propagation of viruses
( the breeding of viruses )

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21
Q

What do viral genes code for?

A

Capsid proteins and some enzymes needed for replication

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22
Q

Why does viruses need to use host cells enezymes?(3)

A

They need it for
Protein synthesis
Energy production
Ribosomes

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23
Q

Can viruses replication occur outside the cell?

A

NO!
( only replicate inside the cell )

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24
Q

What happens when the viruses invades the host cells? (2)

A

They control metabolic and replicating machinery
( pretty much makes viral proteins & nucleic acid for new viral particles )

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25
Q

Do viruses have ribosomes?

A

No

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26
Q

Do viruses have some enzymes?

A

Yes, very little

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27
Q

Do viruses need a host to replicate?

A

Yes

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28
Q

What are the 3 animal virus cycles?

A

Lytic
Lysogenic
Transforming

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29
Q

What’s the difference between Lytic and lysogenic?

A

Lytic doesn’t go into the host chromosome & instead just uses the cell to make progeny ( babies ) then releases them out, as virons & cell dies

Lysogenic goes into the host chromosome, called prophage, binary fission, has a prophage every time when divides and goes into Lytic cycle

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30
Q

What does prophage mean?

A

Bacteriophage into host Chromosome

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31
Q

What does progeny mean?

A

Viruses babies

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32
Q

What does virons mean?

A

Complete infectious particle

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33
Q

What is a virus that performs Lytic cycle?

A

Influenza

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34
Q

What is a virus that performs lysogenic cycle?

A

Retrovirus

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35
Q

What is transforming interaction?

A

Infection of the cell & changes into cancer cell

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36
Q

What is a virus that does transforming interaction?

A

HPV ( human papilloma virus ) &
Hepatitis B

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37
Q

What is the 6 lytic viral replication cycle?

A
  1. Attachment or absorption
  2. Penetration or entry
  3. Uncoating
  4. Binary fission
  5. Maturation or assumbly
  6. Release
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38
Q

What is the 7 lysogenic viral replication of animal viruses?

A
  1. Attachment
  2. Penetration
  3. Uncoating
  4. Integrating into the cell
  5. Biosynthesis
  6. Maturation
  7. Release
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39
Q

First it must ___ to the host
Then it must ___through the cell membrane
___itself it order to release its nucleic acid for replication, to make ____
Once it’s release, we undergo ____
In which we create__&__ for our new virus
Then our new ___ start to ____
Then we ___ them as virions

A
  1. Attach
  2. Penetrate
  3. Uncoats (It’s capsid)
  4. Proteins
  5. Biosynthesis
  6. New proteins & new nucleic acid
  7. Progeny ( virus’s babies )
  8. Mature
  9. Release
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40
Q

If a pathogen can not ____
It can not ___
If it can not infect it can not cause ___

A
  1. Attach
  2. Infect
  3. Disease
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41
Q

What makes DNA & RNA viruses different in the replicative cycle ?

A

The biosynthesis step
( the nucleic acids are different )

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42
Q

In order for attachment to occur, what must happened?

A

Specific receptors just match the surface of the host cell
( lock and key )

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43
Q

Why is it only some cells that are infect with the viruses?

A

Because of the lock and key, must have specific receptors to infect

44
Q

Where are these receptors of enveloped viruses?

A

On their envelope spikes

45
Q

Where are these receptors on a naked virus?

A

Capsid

46
Q

For influenza, what is the receptor used for attachment ?

A

HA - hemaagluttanin

47
Q

If the virus can not penetrate the cell membrane will it infect?

A

Nope

48
Q

Does the virus have to penetrate the cell membrane to infect?

A

Yes

49
Q

What are the 2 ways of penetration?

A

Endocytosis
Fusion of envelope

50
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

Cell membrane makes a vesicle & brings the virus inside host cytoplasm

51
Q

Can naked viruses perform endocytosis?

A

Yes

52
Q

Can enveloped viruses perform endocytosis ?

A

Yes

53
Q

What is fusion penetration?

A

Enveloped viruses fuse with cell membrane

54
Q

Why is it only enveloped viruses that can fuse with cell membrane?

A

Because they are both made of phospholipids

55
Q

Can naked viruses perform fusion with cell membrane ?

A

No

56
Q

What is uncoating?

A

Separation of nucleic acid from the protein capsid coat

57
Q

How does the uncoating work for the virus (2)?

A

Host lysosomal enzymes
Or
Configuration changes in capsid

58
Q

What are viral capsid made of?

A

Proteins

59
Q

What are viral enveloped made up of?

A

Phospholipids

60
Q

What’s another name for capsid?

A

Nucleiocapsid

61
Q

What’s is the 4th step ? Breaking of? (3)

A

Biosynthesis
Breaking this nucloicapsid to make new proteins & new nucleic acids

62
Q

Does the virus depend on the host cell for biosynthesis?why?

A

Yes because it has all the enzymes, ribosomes and stuff to make more progeny

63
Q

Where do dna viruses replicate in biosynthesis ?

A

Nucleus

64
Q

What is the expection of dna viruses that don’t replicate in the nucleus?
( name the family and virus )

A

Poxvirdae ( small pox )

65
Q

What is the enzyme used for dna viruses replication in biosynthesis?

A

Dna dependent dna polymerase

66
Q

Where do rna viruses replicate in biosynthesis?

A

Cytoplasm

67
Q

What are the 2 expect of rna viruses that don’t replicate in the cytoplasm for biosynthesis ? ( family name and virus )

A

Retroviridae ( HIV )
Orthomyxoviridae ( influenza )

68
Q

What is the enzyme used to make rna replication occur in biosynthesis?

A

Rna dependent rna polymerase

69
Q

Do cells have rna dependent rna polymerase enzyme ?

A

No
( cells don’t make rna, they copy it from dna, transcription )

70
Q

What is happening in maturation or assembly?(2)

A

Capsomers into capsid
New nucleic acids & proteins to form new virions

71
Q

What are the 2 ways that viruses can be released?

A

Lysing the cell
Budding

72
Q

What do naked viruses use? Budding or lysing the cell?

A

Lysing the cell

73
Q

What does Lysing the cell mean?

A

Host cell dies

74
Q

How many virions come out when a cell is lysis?

A

50-200

75
Q

How do envelope viruses release out of a cell?

A

Budding

76
Q

Where do envelope viruses get their envelopes?

A

Host cell membrane
( phosphophild bilayer )

77
Q

True or false ? Envelope viruses manufacture the envelope inside the cell before they get released? ( why? )

A

False
- because when budding they get their Envelope from host cell membrane, they don’t make it

78
Q

What are retroviruses genome?

A

RNA

79
Q

Are retroviruses lysogenic?

A

Yes, they integrate into the host Chromosomes

80
Q

What makes retroviruses so speical?

A

They reverse transcription
RNA -> DNA -> integrates

81
Q

What is the enzyme that allows retroviruses to make rna to dna ?

A

Reverse transcriptase

82
Q

If you had to name for the enzyme, reverse transcriptase, what would it be?

A

RNA dependent DNA polymerase

83
Q

What are the 7 steps of retrovirus ?

A
  1. Attachment to host
  2. Penetration by fusion
  3. Uncoat
  4. Biosynthesis ( RNA -> DNA )
  5. Provirus are made
  6. Assembly/maturation
  7. Release —> budding
84
Q

What is happening in biosynthesis of retroviruses ? (4)

A

Reverse transcriptase
(RNA->DNA)
DNA enter nucleus
Dna stays in host genome ( provirus )
Makes proteins

85
Q

What is a provirus ?

A

Viruses that’s part of the host Chromosome

86
Q

What is the difference between nucleicapsid and provirus ?

A

Capsid that helps protect the nucleic acid in viruses

Provirus is the viruses inside host chromosomes

87
Q

How many people have been cured from HIV?

A

Like 2-3 people ( kinda crazy )

88
Q

How many people have been infected with HIV ?

A

80 million

89
Q

Every single time the retrovirus divides will it have the provirus in it?

A

Yes, every single time

90
Q

What’s the whole purpose of a virus?

A

To make baby viruses ( progeny )

91
Q

How do retro viruses people get cured? ( just some extra information )

A

Some people are born with a genetic mutation, in one of their receptors aren’t there, and are healthy.

( pretty much genetically resistant to hiv )

92
Q

Who was the first person cured of hiv ?

A

Timothee brown

93
Q

Do viruses become latent? And which one?

A

Yes, Herpesvirdiae

94
Q

Are all herpes viruses the pro-type for latent viruses?

A

Yes

95
Q

Can some viruses cause cancer in humans ? Which one? (3)

A

HPV ( human papilloma virus )
( cervical cancer )

Hepatitis B
( liver cancer )

EBV ( Epstein Barr virus )
( burkitt lymphoma )

96
Q

What is the name for viruses that cause cancer ?
( onco what )

A

Oncogenic

97
Q

Can viruses that lay latent cause disease if it isn’t activated ?

A

No

98
Q

Can viruses cause disease if it becomes activated?

A

Yes

99
Q

What are 2 examples of viruses that are latented, and become disease if activated?

A

Herpes ( cold sores & gential herpes )
Chicken pox -> shingles

100
Q

What is HTLV & HTLV2 ? And causes?

A

Cancer in humans
Human T cell lymphogrophic virus

101
Q

What does onco mean?

A

Tumor

102
Q

What does oncogene mean?

A

Tumor gene

103
Q

What does oncogenic virus mean?

A

A virus that promotes tumor formation

104
Q

Does oncogenic virus integrate into the host Chromosome?

A

Yes, because it causes transformation of cells ( cancer cells )

105
Q

HIV can worsen, and go into?

A

AIDS

106
Q

What does aids stand for?

A

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

Microbiology Exam 3 (12 decks)

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