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Microbiology Exam 3 > Epidemiology & Pathogeneis Part 2 > Flashcards

Epidemiology & Pathogeneis Part 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are endogenous infections ?

A

Nosocomial microorganism
- caused by opportunitisic microorganisms among patients own normal flora

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2
Q

What is exogenous infections ?

A

Caused by micrograniwm that enter the patient through environment
- nosocomial

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3
Q

What are the 4 chain of transmission in nosocomial infections ?

A

Hospital staff to patient
Patient to patient
Fomites to patient
Ventilation to patient

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4
Q

What helps control nosocomial infections? (3)

A

Washing hands, proper handling of contaminated material , isolation

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5
Q

What are emerging infections diseases?

A

Brand new microbe that emerges

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6
Q

What increases the likelihood of emerging infectious diseases? (3)

A

Overuse of antibiotics
Global warming
Lack of vaccination

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7
Q

Why does global warming increase emerging infectious disease?

A

It increases the survival of reservoirs and vectors

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8
Q

What is the easiest way to spread a new emerging disease?

A

Travel

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9
Q

What are the 4 contributing factors for emerging infectious disease?
(GR,S,A,W)

A

Genetic recombination
Evolution of new strains
Widespread use of antibiotics
Changes in weather

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10
Q

What is an example of emerging infectious disease that follows genetics recombination?

A

E. coli 0157

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11
Q

What is an example of emerging infectious disease that is an evolution of a new strain?

A

SARS-CoV2

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12
Q

What is an example of emerging infectious disease for changes in weather?

A

Hantavirus

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13
Q

What is pathogenicity? ( ability for what ?)

A

Is the ability of an organism to cause disease by overcoming host defense

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14
Q

What is virulence ?

A

The degree of pathogenicity

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15
Q

The degree of pathogenicity is the ?

A

Virulence of microbe

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16
Q

What are the 6 establishment of disease?
( E A P, E D E )

A

Enter the organism ( portal of entry )
Adhere to tissues
Penetrate the tissues
Evade the immune system
Damage cells to establish disease
Exit the body

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17
Q

Does the disease have to enter to their preferred portal of entry ?

A

Yes

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18
Q

Which step in establishment of disease does attachment occur?

A

Step 2. Adhere to tissues

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19
Q

In which step does it infect cells? In establishment of disease

A

Step 3. Penetrate the tissues

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20
Q

Do organism need to enter to establish disease?

A

Yes, ALWAYS!

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21
Q

Does each disease have its own entry?

A

Yes, all are different

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22
Q

Can there be a disease that can enter more than 1 portal of entry into the body?

A

Yes

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23
Q

What are the 3 main portals of entry?
( MM, S, PR )

A

Mucous membranes
Skin
Parenteral route

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24
Q

What are examples of mucous membranes ? (4)

A

Respiratory
GI
Eyes
Genutoruinary tract

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25
Q

What is skin for portals of entry?

A

Our largest organ & outermost protective layer

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26
Q

What is parenteral route in portals of entry?

A

Deposition directly under the skin into the tissues

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27
Q

What are examples of parenteral route in portals of entry?

A

Bites, punctures, burns, injections

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28
Q

What is preferred portal of entry?

A

Entry that is required for establishment of diseases

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29
Q

Will HIV infect us if we were to breathe it in? Why?

A

No; because it isn’t it’s preferred method of entry “sex”

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30
Q

What does ID50 mean?

A

Infectious dose for 50% of population indication of virulence

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31
Q

What does LD50 mean?

A

Lethal dose of a toxin in 50% of population

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32
Q

What is adherence?

A

Attachment to tissue surfaces to establish infection

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33
Q

Name a few important virulence factors that promote adherence? (4)

A

Biofilms
Fimbriae
Capsules
Receptors

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34
Q

What is Adhesins?

A

Receptors on the surface of the host that helps with attachment

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35
Q

Do the adhesins have to find the right receptor to help attachment?

A

Yes

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36
Q

What is biofilms?

A

Masses of microbes that attach

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37
Q

What are examples of biofilms ?

A

Dental plaques
Algae on rocks

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38
Q

If a microbe enters through the respiratory tract, where would it come out? (3)

A

Sneezing, coughing, talking

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39
Q

What are the 4 portals of exit?

A

Gastrointestinal Tract
Urogenital tract
Blood
Respiratory tract

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40
Q

If it enters in our gastrointestinal tract, where is it going to come out?

A

Diarrhea, vomiting

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41
Q

If it enters through urogenital tract, where is it going to come out?

A

Urine, sexual contact

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42
Q

If it enters through blood, where is it going to come out?

A

Wounds, needles, insects

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43
Q

If it enters through respiratory tract, where is it going to come out?

A

Coughing, sneezing, speaking

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44
Q

Do most microorganisms have to penetrate tissues to cause disease ?

A

Yes!!!

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45
Q

What are the 2 ways where bacteria cause disease?
(VF, DA)

A

Virulence factors
Direct actions by bacteria

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46
Q

What are virulence factors?

A

Characteristics that help microorganisms cause infection

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47
Q

What are the examples of virulence factors that help the bacteria cause disease? (2 and examples )

A

Structural : pili
Physiological ; enzymes help to evade host defenses ; toxins

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48
Q

What are the 4 direct actions by bacteria that cause disease?
( A, C, I, T )

A

Adhesins
Colonization
Invasiveness
Toxins

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49
Q

What is Adhesins in direct action by bacteria to cause diseases?

A

Proteins that help attach to host cell

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50
Q

What is colonization in direct actions by bacteria to cause disease? ( in what )

A

Growth of microorganisms on epithelial cells ( skin & mucous membranes )

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51
Q

What is invasivness in direct actions by bacteria that cause disease?

A

Degree to where a microorganis can invade and grow in host tissue

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52
Q

What are toxins in direct actions by bacteria to cause disease?

A

Any substance poisonous to other organisms

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53
Q

What is the most common way that bacteria causes damage ?

A

Toxins

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54
Q

What are the 3 bacterial virulence factors?
( C, CW, E )

A

Capsules
Cell wall components
Enzymes

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55
Q

What are capsules, what do they help resist, and promote what?

A

Evade phagocytosis & promote attachement for a microbe

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56
Q

What are the 3 cell wall components in bacteria that are virulence factors?

A

Streptococcus pyogenes - protein M
Mycobacteria - mycolic acids
Neisseria gonorrheae- fimbriae

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57
Q

What’s another name for mycolic acid?

A

Acid fast bacteria

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58
Q

How does enzyme help virulence factors?

A

Breakdown and dissolve material found between cells

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59
Q

What are the 5 enzymes that help virulence factors ?

A

Hyaluronidase
Coagulase
IGA proteases
Streptokinase
Collagenases

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60
Q

What does hyalyronidase enzyme do? And breaks what acid?

A

Spreading factor ; invade in the body ; breaks hyalyronic acid

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61
Q

What Does coagulase enzyme do for virulence factors? (2, walls off what ?)

A

Increasing clotting ( coagulation )
&
Walls off microorganism from immune system

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62
Q

What is a bacteria that produces hyaluronidase enzyme?

A

Streptococci

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63
Q

What is a bacteria that produces coagulase?

A

Staphylococcus

64
Q

What does IGA proteases do?

A

Destroy antibodies

65
Q

What does streptokinase do?

A

Dissolve clots ( digests fibrin )

66
Q

What is a bacteria that has streptokinase enzyme?

A

Streptococcus pyogenes

67
Q

What are collagenases?

A

Break down collagen

68
Q

What are examples of bacteria that produces collagenases?

A

Clostridia

69
Q

How does hemolysis help virulence factors?

A

Hemolyses RBC

70
Q

What are the 2 types of hemolysis? And what do they do & color

A

Alpha - partial digestion - green color
Beta - complete - clear color

71
Q

What does leukocinds do for virulence factors, they are what type of cell, and are important for?

A

Destroys neutrophils
WBC for phagocytosis

72
Q

What are examples for leukocidins bacteria?
(S, S )

A

Staphylococci and streptococci

73
Q

If phagocytosis happens, will there be damage to host?

A

No

74
Q

What are bacterial toxins?

A

Poisonous substances produced by microbes

75
Q

What does toxins produce? Symptoms ?

A

Fever, shock, diarrhea

76
Q

What is toxemia?

A

Presence of toxin in blood

77
Q

What is intoxication?

A

Disease due to Ingestion of the toxin

78
Q

What is exotoxins?

A

Produced inside bacteria and released into the surrounding medium

79
Q

What is Endotoxin?

A

Lipid A portion of LPS released from cell wall of gram negative bacteria

80
Q

What are the 2 groups of that toxins can be divided in?

A

Exotoxins & endotoxins

81
Q

Exotoxins are for secretions ?

A

Yes

82
Q

Where do exotoxins go and how do they get there?

A

Released by export Using bloodstream, they move and infect organs

83
Q

Exotoxins are made of what?

A

Proteins

84
Q

What’s another name for endotoxins ?

A

Lipid A

85
Q

What are endotoxins made of?

A

Lipids

86
Q

What is endotoxins mainly found in? Type of bacteria?

A

Gram negative

87
Q

Are endotoxins part of the cell wall in bacteria?and what is it called ?

A

Yes, LPS

88
Q

How are endotoxins released?

A

Cell lyses

89
Q

What are the major effects of endotoxins ? (2)

A

Toxic shock
Fever

90
Q

What does endotoxin activate ?
( clot??)

A

Clotting cascade
Blocking blood supply & tissue death
DIC

91
Q

What does pyrogenic response mean?

A

Fever response

92
Q

Does endotoxin cause pyrogenic response?

A

Yes, fever response

93
Q

What are the steps of the endotoxins and the pyrogenic response? (6)

A
  1. Macrophage ingests gram negative bacterium by phagocytosis
  2. The bacterium is degraded & released endotoxins
  3. These endotoxins induce the macrophage to produce cytokines IL-1 & TNF
  4. these cytokines are released into bloodstream and travel to hypothalamus
  5. The cytokines induce the hypothalamus to produce prostaglandins
  6. Causing fever
94
Q

What does IL-1 mean and cause?

A

Interleukin 1 ( endogenous pyrogen )

Causes the hypothalamus to produce prostaglandins

95
Q

What does prostaglandins cause?

A

Raising of body temperature

96
Q

What’s the main function of the hypothalamus?

A

Controls body temperature

97
Q

So when IL-1 goes to the hypothalamus it produces and results in?

A

Produces prostaglandins & fever resulting

98
Q

What does TNF do, cause and results in?

A

Vesal dilation of the blood vessels & dumping of fluid out of circulation

Blood pressure to drop and results in toxic shock

99
Q

What are the 2 inflammatory chemicals that lipid A cause?

A

IL-1 and TNF

100
Q

What is rapid decrease in blood pressure called?

A

Hypotension

101
Q

What type of medications do you take to help with a fever?

A

IB PROF, Tylenol

102
Q

When TNF+IL-1 activate other cells in the immune system, what does that release?

A

Mediators

103
Q

What does TNF stand for?

A

Tumor necrosis factor

104
Q

What are some examples of gram negative bacterium with endotoxins producers?

A

Proteus
Klebsiella
E. coli
Salmonella

105
Q

Are exotoxins proteins or lipids?

A

Proteins

106
Q

Can exotoxins be produced by gram positive or negative?

A

Both

107
Q

Are exotoxins more lethal than endotoxins?

A

Yes, very

108
Q

Do exotoxins have more acute results ?

A

Yes!!! More than endotoxins

109
Q

What does the body produce that helps give immunity against exotoxins?

A

Anti toxins

110
Q

What are toxoids?

A

They are used as vaccines and stimulates antitoxins

111
Q

How do you destroy exotoxins?

A

Heat or by chemicals

112
Q

Are exotoxins names according to the cell they attack? Give an example?

A

Neurotoxins
Cardiotoxins
Leukotoxins

113
Q

What are exotoxins carried by?

A

Genes often carried on plasmids or bacteriophages

114
Q

Because exotoxins are proteins, we can destroy them by?

A

Heat

115
Q

Proteins give good antibodies response or lipids?

A

Proteins

116
Q

Are toxoids toxic?

A

No

117
Q

What is a denature exotoxin called?

A

Toxoids

118
Q

exotoxins or endotoxins
Can we make toxoids?

A

Exotoxins

119
Q

What’s an example of toxoids ( think of An animal ) ?

A

Anti venom
( against snakes, using that venom, destroy them, and make them into toxids to make vaccines )

120
Q

Can endotoxins be destroyed by heat? Why?

A

No, because they are made of lipids

121
Q

Why can we destroy exotoxins by heat?

A

Yes Cause they are made of proteins

122
Q

Do toxoids cause disease?why?

A

No, because they are denature

123
Q

Once a exotoxin is denature it’s called a ?

A

Toxoid

124
Q

What are the 4 exotoxins ?

A

Diptheria
Erythrogenic
Botulinum
Tetanus

125
Q

What is the diptheria toxin called?

A

Corynebacterium diptheriae

126
Q

What does the diptheria toxin do?

A

Inhibits protein synthesis

127
Q

Can diptheria kill? And destroys what?

A

Yes, destroys Heart and kidney cells

( resulting in heart & kidney failure, mainly cause of our death )

128
Q

Is there a vaccine for diptheria?called?

A

Yes, D-TAP

129
Q

Is the D- from D-Tap a toxoid? And how does it work?

A

Yes, that’s why we use this vaccine for diptheria

( toxoid helps make antibodies, these antibodies find the toxin when it’s produced and bloxk it from making any damage )

130
Q

What is the bacteria for tetanus ?

A

Clostridium tetani

131
Q

What is the first symptom of tetanus?

A

Lock jaw

132
Q

What tetanus toxin inhibit?

A

Nerve cell impulses for muscles relaxation

133
Q

Can we prevent tetanus ? How?

A

D-TAP vaccine

134
Q

Is the T in D-TAP a toxoid?

A

Yes, we denature it so we can use it

135
Q

What is the bacteria named called for botulinum?

A

Clostridium botulinum

136
Q

How does botulinum toxin work? Inhibits what, and results in?

A

Inhibits the release of acetylcholine
- paralysis

137
Q

What is the most potent neurotoxin ?

A

Botulinum

138
Q

What is most associated with botulism?

A

Canned foods

139
Q

When do symptoms for botulism show? How long?

A

12-46 hours

140
Q

What are the two types of botulism?

A

Adult and infant

141
Q

What is considered adult botulism? At what age?

A

2 years and older

142
Q

How do you get adult botulism?

A

Canned foods that is improperly canned and contaminate by exotoxins

( injesting of preformed toxins )

143
Q

What are some symptoms of botulism ?

A

Poor vision, difficulty in swallowing, weakness

144
Q

What is the most potent exotoxins ?

A

Botulism

145
Q

How does adult botulism occur? Do we need to ingest the preformed toxin or eat the endospores?

A

We need to ingest the preformed toxin

146
Q

What is the prevention of adult botulism?

A

Boiling for 20mins

147
Q

What is the treatment for adult botulism?

A

Trivalent antitoxin A, B, E

148
Q

Why does boiling for 20mins canned food help prevent botulism?

A

Because exotoxins are made of proteins

Proteins can be denature by heat

149
Q

What do we use botulism for?

A

Botox

150
Q

How do babies get infant botulism?

A

Honey

151
Q

If babies ingest the bacterium itself or the endospores, can they get sick ? But mainly?

A

Yes, but mainly eating the endospores

152
Q

Unlike adults, can adults get sick from eating endospores of botulism?

A

No

153
Q

Can adults get sick of injecting the pre formed toxin of botulism?

A

Yes

154
Q

What are symptoms of infant botulism?

A

Floppy, crying, sucks poorly

155
Q

What is the bacteria for erythrogenic toxin?

A

Streptococcus pyogenes

156
Q

What does erythrogenic toxin do and cause?

A

Damage blood capillaries
Rash of scarlet fever

Microbiology Exam 3 (12 decks)

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