Nonspefic/innate Immunity Flashcards
What are the 3 ways to kill microbes?
Immune system
Disinfects & sterilization
Anti microbes drugs
What does resistance mean?
Ability to prevent diseases from occurring, called immunity
Whats another name for resistance?
Immunity
What does susceptibility mean?
Vulnerability to disease
( lack of resistance )
What is lack of resistance? Susceptibility or resistance?
Susceptibility
What is immunity? Susceptibility or resistance?
Resistance
What are the 2 ways we can divide our immune system in order to fight against pathogens?
Innate resistance ( non specific)
Adaptive resistance ( specific )
What is innate resistance ( non specific )?
Defense mechanism against any pathogen
What is an example of innate resistance ?
Skin, mucosa, inflammation, fever; phagocytes
Is innate resistance specific to a pathogen?
No
What is adaptive resistance ?
Defense mechanism to protect against a specific pathogen and has memory
Which one has memory? Innate resistance or adaptive resistance?
Adaptive resistance
Are innate resistance and adaptive resistance a type of defense mechanism?
Yes
When does the innate resistance kick in?
The second we are born & develops enough to start fighting
When does adaptive resistance kick in?
Born with, however starts to develop when you are exposed to microbes
When adaptive resistance sees a microbe once, will it remember?
Yes
Which one kicks in the second we are born and are Strong enough to start fighting? Innate or adaptive?
Innate
Which one kicks in the second we are born but develops when are exposed to microbes? Innate or adaptive ?
Adaptive
What are some examples of specific aquired immune system?
Cell mediated immunity CMI - t cells
Humoral immunity - B cells and Antibodies
If you get a splinter, will it remember it? Innate or adaptive? So it will react?
Innate, it doesn’t remember it, it’ll react the same as if it was your first time getting a splinter
How can we divide the innate immunity? Into what 2 groups?
First line and second line
What is the first line of defense of innate immunity? (3)
Skin, mucous membranes, normal microbiota
What is the second line of defense for innate immunity? (3)
Phagocytosis
Inflammation
Fever
So if both our first line and second line doesn’t work for innate immunity, what happened next?
We go to our adaptive immunity and third line of defense
What is our third line of defense of adaptive immunity?(2)
Specialized lymphocytes
(T cells and B cells )
- antibodies
What is innate immunity activated by what receptors ? And is found where?
TLR ( toll like receptors )
- proteins found on membrane defensive cells
Where does TLR attach to?
Pathogen associated with PAMPS
What are examples of PAMPS?
LPS, peptidoglycan, capsule proteins
In innate immunity, what does cell release that help regulate the immune response?
Chemicals
What is the main purpose of innate immunity?
Keep pathogens out or destroy before they enter
What are the physical barriers for innate defenses? And examples ?
Intact skin
- physical barrier, first line of defense
Mucous membranes
- GI and respiratory & reproductive Tracts
What does mucus prevent in innate defenses?
Drying
What are the mechanical barriers for innate defenses?
Tears
Salvia
Mucus
Flow or urine
Cilia
What’s another name for tears?
Lacrimal apparatus
When something gets into your eyes,you tear up? Is it the innate or adaptive, is it physical or mechanical ?
It’s innate
Mechanical
Why do we have hair in our noses? And is it innate or adaptive?
They are a filter, trap whatever is in the air and sneeze it out
Innate
Why is it important to pee after sex?
Helps cleanse the urethra
What are the chemical factors for nonspecific defenses? (6)
( S, P, L, G, V, T )
SEBUM
Perspiration
Lysozyme
Gastric juice
Vaginal secretions
Transferrin
What is sebum ? And does what for innate defense?
Sweating, and inhibits the growth of some bacteria
What does perspiration do for innate defense?
Eliminates wastes and flushes microbes
What does lysozyme chemical factors do for innate defenses?
Degrades the peptidoglycan layer of gram +
What are some examples of lysozymes?
Tears, salvia, nasal secretion
What is gastric juice in innate defenses? & helps how?
Stomach acid
Kill bacteria due to low ph
What do vagina secretions for innate defense?
Urine flow, low ph
What does transferrin do for innate defenses? And it’s function
Prevents bacteria from using the iron
It’s an iron binding protein in blood
What is your normal flora apart of? First line or second line of innate defense?
Second line
How does our normal flora help our innate defense?
Fight infections
What are the 4 second line of defense for innate?
(P, I, F, A)
Phagocytes
Inflammation
Fever
Anti microbial substance
How do you get to the second line of defenses?
When the first line fails to prevent against infections
What is the 2 anti microbial substances used in the 2nd line of defense for innate?
Interferon
Complement
What is phagocytes?
The engulfment of foreign substances & destroying them inside cells
What are the 2 cells that help phagocytoses? ( big two !)
Macrophages
Neutrophils
What are the 3 granulocytes for innate defenses of second line?
Neutrophils
Basophils
Eosinophils
What percentage does neutrophils make of WBC?
60-70%
What does neutrophils do?
Enter tissues and protect it from infection
What is another name for neutrophils?
polymorphonuclear neutrophils ( PMNS )
Are neutrophils highly phagocytic ?
Yes
What is the percentage of basophils in our body?
0.5-1.0%
What are basophils involved with? And release of?
Allergies
Histamine
What is the percentage of eosinophilss?
2-4%
What are eosinophils involved in?
Allergies & helminth
Eosinophils may be phagocytic?
Yes
What is the percentage of monocyte in the body?
3-8 %
What is a macrophage?
A mature monocyte
What does monocyte process and how does that elicit response work ?
Antigens
A substance that can elicit an antibody response
What does monocyte secrete and regulate what ?
Biologically active compounds that regulate immune system
What are dendritic cells?
Deprived from monocytes
What are examples of dendritic cells?
( S, MM )
Skin, mucous membranes, lymph nodes
Can dendritic cells be destroyed by phagocytosis?
Yes
What is the percentage of lymphocytes in the body?
20-25%
Are lymphocytes natural killer cells?
Yes
Why are lymphocytes natural killer cells ?
Because they kill infected and tumor cells & recognize abnormal proteins on surface
What lymphocytes involved in?
Specific acquired immune system
What are the 2 lymphocytes?
B and T
What does B lymphocytes do ?
Produce antibodies
What does T lymphocytes do?
Involved in cell mediated immunity
Where do lymphocytes mature in ?
Bone marrow
Lymph nodes
Do B cells mature in the bone marrow and are very effective against intracellular pathogens?
True or false
They do mature in bone marrow
But are not effective against viruses
So
False
What does phagocytosis mean?
To eat any foreign matter
What are phagocytes?
Cells of the immune system that can ingest microbes
What does leukocyte mean?
White blood cell
What are the 5 basic types of white blood cells?
Granulocytes (3)
Monocytes
Lymphocytes
What does leukopenia mean?
Decrease in white blood cells ; viruses
What does leukocytosis ?
Increase in wbc and bacteria infection
Which one is Bacteria and increase in wbc? Leukocytosis or leukopenia
Leukocytosis
Which one decrease wbc and viruses ? Leukocytosis or leukopenia
Leukopenia
How does phagocytic cells occur? (3)
- Foreign substance enter the tissues
- Neutrophils leave circulation and enter tissues to prevent infection
- Macrophages get there and finish the process
What is the first cells that reach an area of injury or infection?
Neutrophils
What’s are the steps for phagocytosis?
( C& A, I, PL, D, R )
- Chemotaxis &Adherence
- Ingestion
- Formation of phagosome
- Phagolysosome
- Digestion
- Residual body
What does chemotaxis mean?
Attracted phagocytes to help injury
What is adherence in phagocytosis?
Attachment of phagocyte to bacterium
What special receptors help attach the phagocyte to the bacterium?
TLR ( toll like receptors )
The TLR recognize specific structures on the bacterium, called?
PAMPS
What does PAMPS stand for?
Pathogen associated molecular pattern
Where are PAMPS found on?
Microbe
Where are TLR found on?
Phagocytes
What are examples of PAMPS?
Enveloped
LIPID A
Peptidoglycan
Capsid
What does ingestion mean?
Extension of the phagocyte plasma membrane (pseudopods) leading to engulfment of the bacterium
- within a bound vesicle called phagosome
What are pseudopods and which step for phagocytosis?
Extension of phagocyte plasma membrane
- Ingestion
What is the membrane bound vesicle that helps start ingestion, And what step?
Phagosome
- Ingestion
What is the 4th/5th step of phagocytosis? And does what?
- Digestion
Fusion of phagosome with a lysosome forming a phagolysosome
What does the fusion of a phagosome with a lysosome make?
Phagolysosome
What is a lysosome?
Organelle that contain a lot of digestive enzymes
Once we digested it, does it the microbe die?
Yes
How does the microbe die in digestion? (2)
Anaerobically or aerobically
How does the microbe die anaerobically?
By hydrolytic or lysosome
How does the microbe die aerobically?
Toxic oxygen ( respiratory burst )
What is the 5th step in phagocytosis and what does it do?
5.Residual body
Non digestible material is discharged from the phagocyte
How is this waste product removed once phagocytosis is finished?
Filter by our kidneys
Do all bacterial get ingested easily? Why?
No, sometimes bacteria contain capsules that help prevent phagocytosis
( biofilms also evade phagocytosis )
Does that mean we can never engulf capsulated bacteria/material?why
No, because if we couldn’t we’d be sick 24/7
What is the “professional” phagocytosis ?
Macrophages
What is the first phagocyte that comes first in phagocytosis?
Neutrophils
What does opsonins help with in phagocytosis?
Proteins that help attach to the microbe
( hooks )
Without opsonins, what happens to the bacteria with capsules during phagocytosis?
It’ll just run away
What is opsonization?
Process of facilitating of phagocytosis
( in which proteins help with attachment is opsonins, in order to facilitate the microbe for phagocytosis )
Once we have the opsonins, we can perform opsonization and start?
Yes & start ingestions
What are examples of opsonins?
Anti body molecules
Some microbes are ingested but not killed? Which are they? (3)
( S, T, M )
Staphylococci ; secrete leukocidin
Trypanosoma; lyse phagocyte membrane
Mycobacterium, HIV ; prevention of fusion
Biofilms is another example of something that evade phagocytesis, but why is it?
Because phagocytes can not detach them from the surface
( since they are all smoosh together )
What are signs/symptoms of inflammation (4) ?
Redness, heat, pain & swelling
What is the best example of a inflammation?
Paper cut
What are microbial structures that attach to TLR and induce acute phase proteins that enhance inflammation?
LPS
flagella
DNA
Can inflammation occur in both nonspecific & specific responses?
Yea
What’s inflammation function?(3)
To destroy & remove microbes
Wall off and limit spread of microbes
Repair tissues
What are the steps of inflammation? (6)
( C, B, A, M, D, P )
- Chemicals are released
- Blood clot forms
- Abscess starts to form
- Margination phagocytes stick to endothelium
- Diapedesis
- Phagocytosis of invading bacteria occurs
What are the 4 main inflammatory steps ?
- Tissue damage
- Vasodilation of blood vessels
- Phagocyte migration
- Tissue repair
What are the chemical mediators released in the first step of inflammation?
( H, K, P, L )
Histamine, Kinins, prostaglandins, leukotrienes
When increase in diameter of the blood vessel it results in?
( including signs 2 )
Blood flow at the site
( redness and heat )
What does mediators increase and in what?
Increase permeability
In capillaries
What does margination mean?
Phagocytes (mono & PMNS ) migrate to site & stick to blood vessels
What does diapedesis mean?
Phagocytes move between the endothelial cells of the blood vessels walls
( squeezing out )
What is migration into tissues mediated by?
Chemotaxins
PMS enter ____
Which is then followed by ____
First
By monocytes
In phagocytosis, dead cells + fluid = ?
Pus
What is a pyogenic infection?
Any infection that forms pus
What is blood fluid in tissues called? (2)
Edema or swelling
What is the final stage of inflammation?
Tissue repair
Is inflammation beneficial to the host ? And if so how?
It is beneficial, however it has to be controlled since it could lead to a chronic inflammation & permanent changes in the tissues
Can inflammation lead to chronic inflammation & permanent changes in the tissue if not controlled?
Yea
Does tissue repair always happen in inflammation?
No
Why does tissue repair not always happened in inflammation ?
It depends on the tissue it’s happening in
Can skin repair itself?
Yes
What are some examples of tissues that don’t repair itself? (4)
Brain, neurons, nerve, cardiac muscles
let’s say a patient is suffering from meningitis, are there going to be tissue repair? If so explain, If not, also explain? As well what are the results?
There is no tissue repair
Because they don’t have tissue cells that can repair anything
Results in permanent changes to tissues in the meninges
Overall is inflammation good or bad ?
Good, cause it’s helping your body to try to save itself
Is fever good or bad?why?
Both cause a little bit is helping our body, but a high fever is awful
What are 2 endotoxin that cause fever ?
IL-1 and TNF
Does shivering and chills raise or lower body temp?
Raise body temp
Does sweating or crises lower or higher body temp?
Lower body temp
What lymphocytes are activated in fever?
T lymphocytes
In a fever does IFN, help stop replication of some viruses?
Yes
fever may help in increasing tissue repair?
Yea
What does fever decrease uptake by some bacteria?
Iron
