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Microbiology Exam 3 > Nonspefic/innate Immunity > Flashcards

Nonspefic/innate Immunity Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 ways to kill microbes?

A

Immune system
Disinfects & sterilization
Anti microbes drugs

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2
Q

What does resistance mean?

A

Ability to prevent diseases from occurring, called immunity

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3
Q

Whats another name for resistance?

A

Immunity

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4
Q

What does susceptibility mean?

A

Vulnerability to disease
( lack of resistance )

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5
Q

What is lack of resistance? Susceptibility or resistance?

A

Susceptibility

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6
Q

What is immunity? Susceptibility or resistance?

A

Resistance

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7
Q

What are the 2 ways we can divide our immune system in order to fight against pathogens?

A

Innate resistance ( non specific)
Adaptive resistance ( specific )

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8
Q

What is innate resistance ( non specific )?

A

Defense mechanism against any pathogen

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9
Q

What is an example of innate resistance ?

A

Skin, mucosa, inflammation, fever; phagocytes

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10
Q

Is innate resistance specific to a pathogen?

A

No

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11
Q

What is adaptive resistance ?

A

Defense mechanism to protect against a specific pathogen and has memory

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12
Q

Which one has memory? Innate resistance or adaptive resistance?

A

Adaptive resistance

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13
Q

Are innate resistance and adaptive resistance a type of defense mechanism?

A

Yes

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14
Q

When does the innate resistance kick in?

A

The second we are born & develops enough to start fighting

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15
Q

When does adaptive resistance kick in?

A

Born with, however starts to develop when you are exposed to microbes

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16
Q

When adaptive resistance sees a microbe once, will it remember?

A

Yes

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17
Q

Which one kicks in the second we are born and are Strong enough to start fighting? Innate or adaptive?

A

Innate

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18
Q

Which one kicks in the second we are born but develops when are exposed to microbes? Innate or adaptive ?

A

Adaptive

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19
Q

What are some examples of specific aquired immune system?

A

Cell mediated immunity CMI - t cells
Humoral immunity - B cells and Antibodies

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20
Q

If you get a splinter, will it remember it? Innate or adaptive? So it will react?

A

Innate, it doesn’t remember it, it’ll react the same as if it was your first time getting a splinter

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21
Q

How can we divide the innate immunity? Into what 2 groups?

A

First line and second line

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22
Q

What is the first line of defense of innate immunity? (3)

A

Skin, mucous membranes, normal microbiota

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23
Q

What is the second line of defense for innate immunity? (3)

A

Phagocytosis
Inflammation
Fever

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24
Q

So if both our first line and second line doesn’t work for innate immunity, what happened next?

A

We go to our adaptive immunity and third line of defense

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25
Q

What is our third line of defense of adaptive immunity?(2)

A

Specialized lymphocytes
(T cells and B cells )
- antibodies

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26
Q

What is innate immunity activated by what receptors ? And is found where?

A

TLR ( toll like receptors )
- proteins found on membrane defensive cells

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27
Q

Where does TLR attach to?

A

Pathogen associated with PAMPS

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28
Q

What are examples of PAMPS?

A

LPS, peptidoglycan, capsule proteins

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29
Q

In innate immunity, what does cell release that help regulate the immune response?

A

Chemicals

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30
Q

What is the main purpose of innate immunity?

A

Keep pathogens out or destroy before they enter

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31
Q

What are the physical barriers for innate defenses? And examples ?

A

Intact skin
- physical barrier, first line of defense
Mucous membranes
- GI and respiratory & reproductive Tracts

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32
Q

What does mucus prevent in innate defenses?

A

Drying

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33
Q

What are the mechanical barriers for innate defenses?

A

Tears
Salvia
Mucus
Flow or urine
Cilia

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34
Q

What’s another name for tears?

A

Lacrimal apparatus

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35
Q

When something gets into your eyes,you tear up? Is it the innate or adaptive, is it physical or mechanical ?

A

It’s innate
Mechanical

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36
Q

Why do we have hair in our noses? And is it innate or adaptive?

A

They are a filter, trap whatever is in the air and sneeze it out

Innate

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37
Q

Why is it important to pee after sex?

A

Helps cleanse the urethra

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38
Q

What are the chemical factors for nonspecific defenses? (6)
( S, P, L, G, V, T )

A

SEBUM
Perspiration
Lysozyme
Gastric juice
Vaginal secretions
Transferrin

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39
Q

What is sebum ? And does what for innate defense?

A

Sweating, and inhibits the growth of some bacteria

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40
Q

What does perspiration do for innate defense?

A

Eliminates wastes and flushes microbes

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41
Q

What does lysozyme chemical factors do for innate defenses?

A

Degrades the peptidoglycan layer of gram +

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42
Q

What are some examples of lysozymes?

A

Tears, salvia, nasal secretion

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43
Q

What is gastric juice in innate defenses? & helps how?

A

Stomach acid
Kill bacteria due to low ph

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44
Q

What do vagina secretions for innate defense?

A

Urine flow, low ph

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45
Q

What does transferrin do for innate defenses? And it’s function

A

Prevents bacteria from using the iron

It’s an iron binding protein in blood

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46
Q

What is your normal flora apart of? First line or second line of innate defense?

A

Second line

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47
Q

How does our normal flora help our innate defense?

A

Fight infections

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48
Q

What are the 4 second line of defense for innate?
(P, I, F, A)

A

Phagocytes
Inflammation
Fever
Anti microbial substance

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49
Q

How do you get to the second line of defenses?

A

When the first line fails to prevent against infections

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50
Q

What is the 2 anti microbial substances used in the 2nd line of defense for innate?

A

Interferon
Complement

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51
Q

What is phagocytes?

A

The engulfment of foreign substances & destroying them inside cells

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52
Q

What are the 2 cells that help phagocytoses? ( big two !)

A

Macrophages
Neutrophils

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53
Q

What are the 3 granulocytes for innate defenses of second line?

A

Neutrophils
Basophils
Eosinophils

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54
Q

What percentage does neutrophils make of WBC?

A

60-70%

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55
Q

What does neutrophils do?

A

Enter tissues and protect it from infection

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56
Q

What is another name for neutrophils?

A

polymorphonuclear neutrophils ( PMNS )

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57
Q

Are neutrophils highly phagocytic ?

A

Yes

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58
Q

What is the percentage of basophils in our body?

A

0.5-1.0%

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59
Q

What are basophils involved with? And release of?

A

Allergies
Histamine

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60
Q

What is the percentage of eosinophilss?

A

2-4%

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61
Q

What are eosinophils involved in?

A

Allergies & helminth

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62
Q

Eosinophils may be phagocytic?

A

Yes

63
Q

What is the percentage of monocyte in the body?

A

3-8 %

64
Q

What is a macrophage?

A

A mature monocyte

65
Q

What does monocyte process and how does that elicit response work ?

A

Antigens

A substance that can elicit an antibody response

66
Q

What does monocyte secrete and regulate what ?

A

Biologically active compounds that regulate immune system

67
Q

What are dendritic cells?

A

Deprived from monocytes

68
Q

What are examples of dendritic cells?
( S, MM )

A

Skin, mucous membranes, lymph nodes

69
Q

Can dendritic cells be destroyed by phagocytosis?

A

Yes

70
Q

What is the percentage of lymphocytes in the body?

A

20-25%

71
Q

Are lymphocytes natural killer cells?

A

Yes

72
Q

Why are lymphocytes natural killer cells ?

A

Because they kill infected and tumor cells & recognize abnormal proteins on surface

73
Q

What lymphocytes involved in?

A

Specific acquired immune system

74
Q

What are the 2 lymphocytes?

A

B and T

75
Q

What does B lymphocytes do ?

A

Produce antibodies

76
Q

What does T lymphocytes do?

A

Involved in cell mediated immunity

77
Q

Where do lymphocytes mature in ?

A

Bone marrow
Lymph nodes

78
Q

Do B cells mature in the bone marrow and are very effective against intracellular pathogens?
True or false

A

They do mature in bone marrow

But are not effective against viruses
So
False

79
Q

What does phagocytosis mean?

A

To eat any foreign matter

80
Q

What are phagocytes?

A

Cells of the immune system that can ingest microbes

81
Q

What does leukocyte mean?

A

White blood cell

82
Q

What are the 5 basic types of white blood cells?

A

Granulocytes (3)
Monocytes
Lymphocytes

83
Q

What does leukopenia mean?

A

Decrease in white blood cells ; viruses

84
Q

What does leukocytosis ?

A

Increase in wbc and bacteria infection

85
Q

Which one is Bacteria and increase in wbc? Leukocytosis or leukopenia

A

Leukocytosis

86
Q

Which one decrease wbc and viruses ? Leukocytosis or leukopenia

A

Leukopenia

87
Q

How does phagocytic cells occur? (3)

A
  1. Foreign substance enter the tissues
  2. Neutrophils leave circulation and enter tissues to prevent infection
  3. Macrophages get there and finish the process
88
Q

What is the first cells that reach an area of injury or infection?

A

Neutrophils

89
Q

What’s are the steps for phagocytosis?
( C& A, I, PL, D, R )

A
  1. Chemotaxis &Adherence
  2. Ingestion
  3. Formation of phagosome
  4. Phagolysosome
  5. Digestion
  6. Residual body
90
Q

What does chemotaxis mean?

A

Attracted phagocytes to help injury

91
Q

What is adherence in phagocytosis?

A

Attachment of phagocyte to bacterium

92
Q

What special receptors help attach the phagocyte to the bacterium?

A

TLR ( toll like receptors )

93
Q

The TLR recognize specific structures on the bacterium, called?

A

PAMPS

94
Q

What does PAMPS stand for?

A

Pathogen associated molecular pattern

95
Q

Where are PAMPS found on?

A

Microbe

96
Q

Where are TLR found on?

A

Phagocytes

97
Q

What are examples of PAMPS?

A

Enveloped
LIPID A
Peptidoglycan
Capsid

98
Q

What does ingestion mean?

A

Extension of the phagocyte plasma membrane (pseudopods) leading to engulfment of the bacterium
- within a bound vesicle called phagosome

99
Q

What are pseudopods and which step for phagocytosis?

A

Extension of phagocyte plasma membrane

  1. Ingestion
100
Q

What is the membrane bound vesicle that helps start ingestion, And what step?

A

Phagosome

  1. Ingestion
101
Q

What is the 4th/5th step of phagocytosis? And does what?

A
  1. Digestion
    Fusion of phagosome with a lysosome forming a phagolysosome
102
Q

What does the fusion of a phagosome with a lysosome make?

A

Phagolysosome

103
Q

What is a lysosome?

A

Organelle that contain a lot of digestive enzymes

104
Q

Once we digested it, does it the microbe die?

A

Yes

105
Q

How does the microbe die in digestion? (2)

A

Anaerobically or aerobically

106
Q

How does the microbe die anaerobically?

A

By hydrolytic or lysosome

107
Q

How does the microbe die aerobically?

A

Toxic oxygen ( respiratory burst )

108
Q

What is the 5th step in phagocytosis and what does it do?

A

5.Residual body
Non digestible material is discharged from the phagocyte

109
Q

How is this waste product removed once phagocytosis is finished?

A

Filter by our kidneys

110
Q

Do all bacterial get ingested easily? Why?

A

No, sometimes bacteria contain capsules that help prevent phagocytosis

( biofilms also evade phagocytosis )

111
Q

Does that mean we can never engulf capsulated bacteria/material?why

A

No, because if we couldn’t we’d be sick 24/7

112
Q

What is the “professional” phagocytosis ?

A

Macrophages

113
Q

What is the first phagocyte that comes first in phagocytosis?

A

Neutrophils

114
Q

What does opsonins help with in phagocytosis?

A

Proteins that help attach to the microbe
( hooks )

115
Q

Without opsonins, what happens to the bacteria with capsules during phagocytosis?

A

It’ll just run away

116
Q

What is opsonization?

A

Process of facilitating of phagocytosis

( in which proteins help with attachment is opsonins, in order to facilitate the microbe for phagocytosis )

117
Q

Once we have the opsonins, we can perform opsonization and start?

A

Yes & start ingestions

118
Q

What are examples of opsonins?

A

Anti body molecules

119
Q

Some microbes are ingested but not killed? Which are they? (3)
( S, T, M )

A

Staphylococci ; secrete leukocidin
Trypanosoma; lyse phagocyte membrane
Mycobacterium, HIV ; prevention of fusion

120
Q

Biofilms is another example of something that evade phagocytesis, but why is it?

A

Because phagocytes can not detach them from the surface

( since they are all smoosh together )

121
Q

What are signs/symptoms of inflammation (4) ?

A

Redness, heat, pain & swelling

122
Q

What is the best example of a inflammation?

A

Paper cut

123
Q

What are microbial structures that attach to TLR and induce acute phase proteins that enhance inflammation?

A

LPS
flagella
DNA

124
Q

Can inflammation occur in both nonspecific & specific responses?

A

Yea

125
Q

What’s inflammation function?(3)

A

To destroy & remove microbes
Wall off and limit spread of microbes
Repair tissues

126
Q

What are the steps of inflammation? (6)
( C, B, A, M, D, P )

A
  1. Chemicals are released
  2. Blood clot forms
  3. Abscess starts to form
  4. Margination phagocytes stick to endothelium
  5. Diapedesis
  6. Phagocytosis of invading bacteria occurs
127
Q

What are the 4 main inflammatory steps ?

A
  1. Tissue damage
  2. Vasodilation of blood vessels
  3. Phagocyte migration
  4. Tissue repair
128
Q

What are the chemical mediators released in the first step of inflammation?
( H, K, P, L )

A

Histamine, Kinins, prostaglandins, leukotrienes

129
Q

When increase in diameter of the blood vessel it results in?
( including signs 2 )

A

Blood flow at the site
( redness and heat )

130
Q

What does mediators increase and in what?

A

Increase permeability

In capillaries

131
Q

What does margination mean?

A

Phagocytes (mono & PMNS ) migrate to site & stick to blood vessels

132
Q

What does diapedesis mean?

A

Phagocytes move between the endothelial cells of the blood vessels walls
( squeezing out )

133
Q

What is migration into tissues mediated by?

A

Chemotaxins

134
Q

PMS enter ____
Which is then followed by ____

A

First
By monocytes

135
Q

In phagocytosis, dead cells + fluid = ?

A

Pus

136
Q

What is a pyogenic infection?

A

Any infection that forms pus

137
Q

What is blood fluid in tissues called? (2)

A

Edema or swelling

138
Q

What is the final stage of inflammation?

A

Tissue repair

139
Q

Is inflammation beneficial to the host ? And if so how?

A

It is beneficial, however it has to be controlled since it could lead to a chronic inflammation & permanent changes in the tissues

140
Q

Can inflammation lead to chronic inflammation & permanent changes in the tissue if not controlled?

A

Yea

141
Q

Does tissue repair always happen in inflammation?

A

No

142
Q

Why does tissue repair not always happened in inflammation ?

A

It depends on the tissue it’s happening in

143
Q

Can skin repair itself?

A

Yes

144
Q

What are some examples of tissues that don’t repair itself? (4)

A

Brain, neurons, nerve, cardiac muscles

145
Q

let’s say a patient is suffering from meningitis, are there going to be tissue repair? If so explain, If not, also explain? As well what are the results?

A

There is no tissue repair
Because they don’t have tissue cells that can repair anything

Results in permanent changes to tissues in the meninges

146
Q

Overall is inflammation good or bad ?

A

Good, cause it’s helping your body to try to save itself

147
Q

Is fever good or bad?why?

A

Both cause a little bit is helping our body, but a high fever is awful

148
Q

What are 2 endotoxin that cause fever ?

A

IL-1 and TNF

149
Q

Does shivering and chills raise or lower body temp?

A

Raise body temp

150
Q

Does sweating or crises lower or higher body temp?

A

Lower body temp

151
Q

What lymphocytes are activated in fever?

A

T lymphocytes

152
Q

In a fever does IFN, help stop replication of some viruses?

A

Yes

153
Q

fever may help in increasing tissue repair?

A

Yea

154
Q

What does fever decrease uptake by some bacteria?

A

Iron

Microbiology Exam 3 (12 decks)

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