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Microbiology Exam 3 > Adaptive/specfic Immune > Flashcards

Adaptive/specfic Immune Flashcards

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1
Q

What does specificity mean?

A

Recognize a specific foreign substances

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2
Q

What’s another name for non self ?

A

Foreign

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3
Q

What does self mean?

A

In your own body cells

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4
Q

What does foreign mean?

A

Bacteria, viruses, pollen, transplanted tissues

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5
Q

What does memory mean?

A

If you recover from a specific infection, you are immune to it when exposed again

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6
Q

what is Antigen?

A

Substance that stimulates and immune response

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7
Q

What is specific acquired immunity mediated by?

A

Lymphocytes
T cells
B cells

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8
Q

Where does T cells develop ?

A

Thymus development

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9
Q

What does T cells promote?

A

Cellular immunity

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10
Q

Where does B cells develop?

A

Bone marrow

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11
Q

What does B cells help promote?

A

Humoral immunity

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12
Q

Are my selfs, different from your self’s foreign?

A

Yes, because my cells are different from your cells

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13
Q

What are the 2 big things that make specific stand out from innate?

A

Specificity & memory

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14
Q

B cells originate and mature in?

A

Bone marrow

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15
Q

What does B cells produce?

A

Antibody molecules that recognize & bind to antigens

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16
Q

T cells originate and mature in?

A

Originate bone marrow
Mature in thymus

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17
Q

Why can’t you get chicken pox again?

A

It lays dormant & goes into your memory cells

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18
Q

What type of T cells receptors have and surface on?

A

TCR
Recognizes antigen on the surface of a target cell

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19
Q

Which cells is mainly involved with humoral immunity?

A

B cells

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20
Q

What immune system is only extracellular?or cell?

A

Humoral immune system
B cells

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21
Q

Antigen is the ____
That Activates our immune system
To make a ____

A

Foreign substance
Antibody

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22
Q

How many antigens do you think we will encounter in our life?

A

Whatever is more than trillion, even more after that, just a shit ton

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23
Q

What are T cells subdivided into?

A

acquired immunity

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24
Q

What is acquired immunity?

A

Protection that develops over a lifetime against a specific antigen, either after an infection or vaccination

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25
Q

Acquired immunity can either occur? (4)

A

Naturally or artificially
Actively or passively

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26
Q

What is naturally acquired active immunity?

A

Antigens enter the body naturally
Body induced a antibodies & specialized lymphocytes

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27
Q

What is naturally acquires passive immunity?

A

Antibodies pass from mother to fetus via placenta
Or to infant via mothers milk

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28
Q

What is artificially acquired active immunity?

A

Antigens are introduced in vaccines
Body produces antibodies & specialized lymphocytes

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29
Q

What is artificially acquired passive immunity?

A

Preformed antibodies in immune serum are introduced after injection

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30
Q

What is active immunity ?

A

Your own cells

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31
Q

What is passive immunity?

A

Giving you a dose of antibodies

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32
Q

Is passive immunity short duration?

A

Yes

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33
Q

What is this example? If you get sick with measles, what type of immunity, you’ll develop? Actibe or passive?

A

Naturally acquired active immunity

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34
Q

What is the example of naturally acquired passive immunity?

A

Mother to baby
Via mothers milk or placenta

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35
Q

Antibodies Recognize antigens?

A

Yes

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36
Q

How long passive immunity antibodies stay in the body?

A

2 months

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37
Q

How long is the baby protected against antigens ? In naturally passive?

A

2 months

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38
Q

When do we start vaccinating childern and why?

A

2 months
Because they just lost passive immunity from mom

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39
Q

What are some examples of artificially acquired active ?

A

Vaccination!!
( fly shot, polio vaccine ! )

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40
Q

What are examples of artificially acquired passive immunity?

A

Manufacturing antibodies that we ingest so the body can make its own antibodies

( to prevent really bad sickness )

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41
Q

You get bitten by a snake, what do we use? What does this vaccine do?

A

Anti venom

Vaccine is made somewhere else to make antibodies for it

So we inject it into you so you can have those anti bodies so your body can help more with the venom of the snake

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42
Q

Is artificially acquired passive immediate protection?

A

Yea

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43
Q

Is artificially acquired passive immunity forever?

A

No

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44
Q

You haven’t kept up with your tetanus shot, you step on a rusty nail, how can I protect you immediate?

A

Through artificially acquired passive immunity
( pre formed antibodies enter the body )

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45
Q

You get bitten by a fox, you don’t have the rabies vaccine, what am I going to do?

A

Artificially acquired passive immunity
( anti bodies for the rabies virus )

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46
Q

What is the advantage and disadvantage for artificially acquired passive immunity?

A

Advantage - immediate
Disadvantage - not for long time

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47
Q

Does the epi pen work like adaptive immunity ?

A

NO!!! They are chemicals to help vasoconstriction!!!

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48
Q

Specific acquired immune system can be divided into 2 groups? What are they

A

Humoral immune system
Cell mediated immune system

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49
Q

What is humoral immune system cell?

A

B lymphocytes

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50
Q

What is humoral immune system mediated by?

A

Antibody

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51
Q

Is humoral immune system extracellular or intracellular

A

Extracellular

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52
Q

What is humoral immune system effective with?

A

Bacteria, bacterial toxins, circulating viruses from floating blood and fluids

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53
Q

What are cell mediated immune system, what cells?

A

T lymphocytes

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54
Q

What is cell mediated immune system mediated by?

A

Direct cell to cell interactions

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55
Q

What is cell mediated immune system? Extracellular or intracellular?

A

Intracellular

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56
Q

What is cell mediated immune system effective with?

A

Viruses, fungi, cancer cell, transplants

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57
Q

What does humoral immunity focus on? What part of the body?

A

Fluid part of the body ( blood, serum )

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58
Q

Summarize humoral immune system & cell mediated immune
(4)
( cell, mediated, extra or inter, focus on ?)

A

Humoral
- b lymphocytes
- antibody mediated
- extracellular
- focus on blood & fluid inside body

Cell mediated
- T lymphocytes
- mediated by direct cell to cell
- intracellular
- focus on viruses, cancer cells

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59
Q

What is an antigen made of?

A

Protein or polysaccharides or lipids

60
Q

What is the best antigen to help make antibodies made up of?

A

Proteins !! Or polysaccharide

61
Q

A pathogen contains large numbers of different antigens on its surface, examples?

A

Pili, cell wall, capsules, toxins

62
Q

What is an epitope?

A

Antigenic determinate
( specific portion on the antigen that antibodies binds to )

63
Q

What’s an example epitope?
( on the microbe, starts with a P )

A

PAMPS ( on the microbe )

64
Q

Every antigen can bind to a specific antibody, however we use ___ for that specific binding

A

Epitopes

65
Q

What are antibodies produced by? And then is secreted by?

A

Activated B cells

Secreted by plasma cells

66
Q

All antibodies produced by 1 plasma cell?

A

Yes

67
Q

Can this 1 plasma cell recognize only a single portion of antigen and bind that antigen ?

A

Yes !! Only 1!!!

68
Q

What’s another name for antibodies?

A

Gamma globulins or
Immuniglobulins ( Ig)

69
Q

Antibodies form a __ shaped molecule called?

A

Y shaped

Called flexible adapter

70
Q

Are anti bodies proteins?

A

Yes

71
Q

How many chains make up an antibody?

A

4

72
Q

What are the 4 chains in the antibodies?

A

2 identical heavy chains
2 identical light chains

73
Q

How are chains held together in antibodies?

A

By disulfide bonds

74
Q

Activated B cells differentiate into ___??

A

Plasma cells

75
Q

So does plasma cells secrete into the serum ?

A

Yes

76
Q

Where does the antibody bind to the antigen? Where is the site of binding on the Y structure?

A

Antigen binding site, the heavy chain & light chain

77
Q

What’s the most important function of an antibody?

A

To bind to the antigen that it was made against

78
Q

What’s makes up the antigen binding site?

A

Hc and Lc
( 2 identical antigen binding sites in total )

79
Q

What’s different between antibody? What region for binding?

A

Variable region for binding

80
Q

What’s the same antigen ?

A

Constant region

81
Q

How many antigens can bind to an antibody?

A

2

82
Q

Are the two chains identical to each other?

A

Yes!!

83
Q

Since 2 antigens can bind 1 antibodies, does it have to be the exact same antibody on both side?

A

Yes, 1 type

84
Q

How many Lc constant contain?

A

1

85
Q

How many Hc constant contain?

A

3-4

86
Q

What are the 5 classes of antibodies?

A

IgG
IgM
IgA
IgD
IgE

87
Q

Once our B cells are mature enough to make plasma cells we can divide these antibodies into 5 groups? Yes or no

A

Yes

88
Q

What are IgG, shaped?

A

Monomers found as individual Y shaped molecules

89
Q

What is the percent of IgG in antibodies?

A

80%

90
Q

Where do we usually see igG ? In what response?

A

In secondary immune response

91
Q

How long does igG last?

A

23 days

92
Q

IgG can enter ___ and cross ___?

A

Enter tissues
And cross placenta

93
Q

IgG can activate the classical complement pathway?

A

Yes

94
Q

How can igG act like and enhances what?

A

Acts like an opsoin
Enhance phagocytosis

95
Q

What is igG effective against?

A

Bacteria
Extracellular viruses
Bacterial toxins

96
Q

Is the igG the only subunit that can cross the placenta?

A

Yes!! Only!!!

97
Q

C3B and igG are what?

A

Opsonin

98
Q

What does opsonin mean?

A

Coating the microbe to help with binding / attach in phagocytosis

99
Q

When we encounter an antigen the first thing, it goes through our primary immune response, however what is the subunit that appears every single time after the first time in the serum?

A

igG

100
Q

Lets say I want to get pregnant, but I’m worried about the rubella viruses, I can’t remember If I’m immune to rubella? The doctor will take a blood sample and look for igG in the blood. He spots a ton of them ? What does that mean?

A

These igG can be passed down to the fetus via the placenta

( also naturally acquired passive immunity for the baby !! )

101
Q

If you have high IgG against a pathogen you are ____ against that pathogen?

A

Immune

102
Q

However what is the 1 exception about if you have igG it means it’s bad?

A

HIV

103
Q

What is IgM? Structure?

A

Pentamer

104
Q

What is a pentamer? And held together by what chain?

A

5 individuals igM monomers held together by a J chain

105
Q

How many antigens can pentameter hold?

A

10

106
Q

What does the igM mean?and it’s the ?

A

Macroglubulin
( largest ig )

107
Q

IgM is The first to what and where?

A

The first antibody produced in a primary immune response

108
Q

IgM are important for what?

A

Diagnosis of disease

109
Q

The first time ever you encounter the pathogen, you’ll make what?

A

IgM

110
Q

How long does IgM last?

A

5-10 days

111
Q

If you see the pathogen again, instead of making IgM like the first time, you’ll make?

A

IgG

112
Q

My son started college, 17 year old, after a month, he had started to complain about strep throat, all labs come back negative. However he mentions he was dating, so they run a mono test ( the ebstein Barr virus ), and find a ton of IgM? What does that mean?

A

IgM, first time he got kissing disease

113
Q

Where is igA mainly found in? (2)

A

Antibodies found in
mucous membranes & secretions

114
Q

What type of secretions are igA found in?

A

Saliva, tears, breast milk

115
Q

What is the shape of igA? And in what?

A

Monomer however can be found like a dimer in secretions

116
Q

What is the percentage of igA in the serum?

A

10-15

117
Q

How long does igA last in serum?

A

6 days

118
Q

The dimer igA can hold how many bindings sites for antigens?

A

4

119
Q

What makes up the igA dimer? And help together by?

A

2 individual igA monomers held together by a J chain

120
Q

If a mother is pregnant, the baby is going to get IgG through the placenta, however if she is nursing the baby, the baby is going to get what antibody?

A

IgA
( via secretions, breast milk )

121
Q

Is igA the first line of defense of specific acquired immune system?

A

Yes

122
Q

What is the enzyme that pretty much degraded igA and causes an infection?

A

IgA procrastase
( destroys antibodies )

123
Q

What is the percentage of igD?

A

0.2 in the serum

124
Q

How long does igD last?

A

3 days

125
Q

What is the function of igD?

A

Unknown as of today

126
Q

Where can we find igD and help act as in?

A

Surface of newly matured B cells
Act like antigen receptor for B cells

127
Q

When do we mainly make igE? (2)

A

Parasitic worms & allergens

128
Q

Where are ige mainly found in? What cells?

A

Mast cells & basophils

129
Q

What is the percentage of igE?

A

0.002% in serum

130
Q

What helps igE bound to specific cell surface receptors? What region?

A

Fc region

131
Q

The bindings of antigens to igE results in what? Immediate degranulation of what,

A

Immediate degranulation of mast cells & basophils

132
Q

When the immediate degranulation of mast cells and basophils occurs, what happened? (3)

A
  • cytoplasmic granules are release
  • histamines & serotonin inside granules
  • caused increase vasodilation
133
Q

The reason why your son is allergic to nuts is because instead of generating igG response, he made ?

A

IgE response

134
Q

What are the steps of humoral immunity? (5)

A
  1. Stem cells differentiate into mature B cells, each having its own ig against a specific antigen
  2. B cells encounter specific antigen
  3. Some B cells make memory cells, which helps with producing plasma cells
  4. Other B cells can be plasma cells
  5. Plasma cells secrete antibodies into circulation, to fight against that specific antigen
135
Q

B cells with a specific cell surface antigen receptor, antibody binds the appropriate antigen ( epitope ), which stimulates proliferation of that B cells is called?

A

Clonal selection

136
Q

Most clonal selection need the help of?

A

Helper T cells

137
Q

Do all B cells make antibodies?

A

Nope!

138
Q

Every single time you encounter that same pathogen, the amount of what increases?

A

The amount of memory cells!

139
Q

Why do we get booster vaccines?

A

We increase the number of memory cells

  • so we can keep on making a high antibody response
140
Q

What are the 5 ways antibodies work?

A

Agglutination
Complement
Opsonization
Cell mediated cytotoxicity
Neutralization

141
Q

What’s the most important antibody mechanism?why?

A

Neutralization

-bind to the receptor of a pathogen

142
Q

If it can not ____
It can not ___
If it can not infect it can not cause ____

A

Attach
Infect
Disease

143
Q

Lets say you have herpes, is it only 1 B cell recognizing it ?

A

Yes

144
Q

Plasma cells secrete what?

A

Antibodies

145
Q

What is the one condition for memory cells to get activated?

A

When it sees that specific antigen

Microbiology Exam 3 (12 decks)

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