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Microbiology Exam 3 > Epidemiology & Pathogeneis Part 1 > Flashcards

Epidemiology & Pathogeneis Part 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What does pathology mean?

A

Scientific study of disease

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2
Q

What does etiology mean?

A

Cause of a disease

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3
Q

What does pathogenies mean?

A

The way a disease develops, all structural and functional changes

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4
Q

What does infection mean?

A

Invasion or colonization of the body, by a pathogenic microbe

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5
Q

What does disease mean?

A

When an infection leads to a change in normal statues of health

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6
Q

Give me an example where is there an infection but no dieases?

A

HIV

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7
Q

What is another example is where people carry the infection but no disease?

A

Asymptomatic individuals
( covid, herpes )

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8
Q

What does host mean?

A

Any organism that harbors another organism

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9
Q

What does normal flora mean? What is their function ?

A

Permanent and usually not pathogenic microorganisms

( fight pathogenic micrograms )

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10
Q

What is resident flora?

A

Always present on or in the human body

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11
Q

What is transient flora?

A

Will come and go
( few hours to a few months )

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12
Q

What does birth mean?

A

Microorganism being to establish themselves

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13
Q

What are examples of normal flora?

A

Lactobacilli from mothers vagina

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14
Q

Do we have more cells or bacteria in our body? Typically?

A

Bacteria

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15
Q

What was the extensive and supported evidence about normal flora?

A

Keeping a healthy normal flora, directly decreases the chances of infection and disease

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16
Q

What is the human micro biome project that started in 2007?

A

A project to help identify all the microbes found in different parts of the body

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17
Q

What is a physical way that flora fights infection?

A

Skin barrier

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18
Q

What are the 3 ways flora fights off or works with infections?

A

Mutualism
Antagonism
Parasitism

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19
Q

What does mutualism?

A

Both organism benefit

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20
Q

What is an example of mutualism?

A

E. coli in intestine produces vitamin k and B

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21
Q

What is antagonism?

A

Competition between microorganism
( competitive exclusion )
( Normal flora vs pathogen )

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22
Q

What is an example of antagonism?

A

Bacteriocins
( proteins secreted by E. coli cause clostridium difficult to overgrow after antibiotic therapy )

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23
Q

What is parasitism?

A

One organism benefits and the other is harm

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24
Q

What is an example of parasitism? Any what?

A

Any successful pathogenic microorganisms

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25
Q

Does the host and normal flora exist together?

A

Yes

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26
Q

Does the normal flora live in symbiosis with the human body?

A

Yes

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27
Q

What does symbiosis mean?

A

Association between two or more species

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28
Q

What does commensalism mean?

A

One organism benefits and the other is not affected

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29
Q

What is an example of commensalism?

A

Staphylococcus epidermis, on our skin
( the normal flora usually benefits the host by preventing pathogens from over growing )

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30
Q

What is the main way that normal flora helps us fight pathogens ?

( best way to fight off infection )

A

Competitive exclusion, or metabolism

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31
Q

What is going on competitive exclusion? (3)

A

that the pathogen & flora are fighting of food, energy sources and space

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32
Q

How does competitive exclusion help our normal flora? (2)

A

By keeping it healthy
&
Decreasing the infection

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33
Q

What did competitive exclusion lead to?

A

Probiotics

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34
Q

What does micro biome mean?

A

All the microbes in the human body

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35
Q

Does almost every place in our body have microbes?

A

Yes

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36
Q

Where in the body do you not want microbes in? (2)

A

Brain & Spinal cord

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37
Q

Where is the most microbes in our body?

A

GI Tract

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38
Q

What types microbes will you find in blood?

A

Transient

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39
Q

As long as transient microbes don’t grow in the blood, is it safe?

A

Yes. As long as it doesn’t grow

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40
Q

What is an opportunistic organism?

A

They don’t cause disease, however under certain circumstances, they do

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41
Q

When does opportunist microbe knock? Or causes disease? (3)

A
  1. Normal flora is destroyed
  2. Host defenses mechanism compromised
  3. Normal protective barriers of host are disrupted
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42
Q

What are some examples of opportunists ? (3) and causes ?
( E, S, P,)

A

E. coli, cause UTI Id moved from intestine to urethra

S. Aureus- causes TSS

Pneumocystis jirocecii - pneumonia in AIDS patients

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43
Q

E. coli is the number one cause of UTI? ( urinary Tract infection )

A

Yes

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44
Q

What are the 3 evidence of disease? ( the 3 S’s )

A

Symptoms
Signs
Syndrome

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45
Q

What is symptoms ? Examples

A

Changes in body functions
Can not be seen, internally
( such as pain and stomach pain )

(Subjective)

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46
Q

What does sign mean? Examples ?

A

Changes that can be seen
( rash, fever, swelling )
( objective )

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47
Q

What does syndrome mean?

A

Specific symptoms and signs associated with a disease

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48
Q

What is subjective? Symptoms or signs?

A

Symptoms

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49
Q

What is objective ? Symptoms or signs?

A

Signs

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50
Q

Does opportunitistic organisms infect heathly people and how does it effect them?

A

They can, but they don’t cause disease

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51
Q

Why don’t they cause disease ( opportunities microorganisms ) to healthy people?

A

Cause they can touch, if someone has a fever

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52
Q

What are the 4 types of diseases? ( infectious ?)

A

Infectious
Communicable infectious diseases
Non communicable infectious diseases
Non infectious

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53
Q

How is infectious caused? (5)

A

By bacteria, viruses, fungi, Protozoa and helminthes

54
Q

What is communicable infectious diseases?

A

Contagious
- can be spread from one host to another directly or indirectly

55
Q

What does non communicable infectious diseases mean? (3)

A

Caused by individuals flora
Injection of pre formed toxins
Environment

56
Q

Are communicable infectious diseases contagious?

A

Yes

57
Q

Are non communicable infectious diseases contagious?

A

No

58
Q

Are non communicable infectious diseases caught?

A

No, they are not spread

59
Q

What is non infectious?

A

Cause by another fact than infectious organism

60
Q

What are some examples of communicable infectious disease?

A

Flu, herpes, ring worm, covid etc

61
Q

What are some examples non communicable infectious diseases ? (3)

A

Tetanus, Lyme disease , malaria

62
Q

Is diabetes an infectious disease?

A

NO!

63
Q

What does incidence mean?

A

Number of new cases contracted within a set population during a set time period

64
Q

What is prevalence mean?

A

Total number of people infected within a population that has a disease any time

65
Q

Which one is the indicator of a spread of disease? Incidence or prevalence?

A

Incidence

66
Q

Which one includes old and new cases? Incidence or prevelance ?

A

Prevelance

67
Q

What are the 4 occurrence of diseases ? ( the Ic’s )

A

Sporadic
Endemic
Epidemic
Pandemic

68
Q

What does sporadic mean?

A

Occurs occasionally in a population

69
Q

What does endemic mean?

A

A disease that is always found in the region

70
Q

What does epidemic mean?

A

A diseases many people acquire in a very short period of time

71
Q

What does pandemic mean?

A

Is an epidemic that occurs worldwide

72
Q

What are examples of sporadic diseases?

A

Plague, malaria, Ebola

73
Q

What are examples of endemic?

A

Flu, tetanus

74
Q

Where would Ebola be considered endemic?

A

Africa

75
Q

What are some examples of epidemic?

A

Flu season!!! November - January

76
Q

What are some examples of pandemic?

A

Covid, swine flu

77
Q

What are the 5 severity of duration of a disease?

A

Acute disease
Chronic disease
Subacute disease
Latent disease
Herd immunity

78
Q

What is acute disease ?

A

Symptoms develop rapidly but the disease lasts a short period of time

79
Q

What are some examples of acute disease?

A

Flu, colds, Ebola ( dies or recovers )

80
Q

What is chronic diseases?

A

Symptoms develop slowly, last a longer period of time

81
Q

What are chronic disease examples?

A

HIV, tuberculosis, fungal infections

82
Q

What is subacute disease?

A

Intermediate between acute and chronic

83
Q

What is examples of subacute disease?

A

Encephalitis

84
Q

What is latent disease?

A

Causative agent is inactive for a time and then can re activate

85
Q

What are some examples of latent disease?

A

Chicken pox & shingles

86
Q

What is herd immunity?

A

Immunity in most of a population
(75-90% population)

87
Q

What is the best way to get herd immunity?

A

Vaccination

88
Q

What helps us identify a spread of infection? (5)

A

Where does it come from
How does it get into the body
How does it get out of the body
How is it transmitted
Where is it between and during disease

89
Q

Do most pathogens die outside the host?

A

Yes

90
Q

What does reservoir mean?

A

A continual source of the disease causing organism
( livings or inanimate objects )

91
Q

Can a reservoir be living or inanimate objects ?

A

Yes, can be both

92
Q

What are the 2 living reservoirs of infections?

A

Human and animals

93
Q

What are human reservoirs considered as?

A

Carriers (asymptomatic people)

94
Q

How does human reservoirs transmit infections?

A

Directly or indirectly

95
Q

What are examples of human reservoirs? (5) viruses & diseases

A

HIV, diphteria, typhoid fever, heptatitis, gonorrhea

96
Q

What are zoonoses?

A

Disease that occurs mainly in animals however can transmit into humans

97
Q

What are some examples of animal reservoirs, zoonoses? (3)

A

Anthrax, bubonic plague, Lyme disease

98
Q

How is animal reservoirs transmitted by?

A

Bites, feathers, food

99
Q

What are the two non living reservoirs of infection?

A

Soil and water

100
Q

What does soil mainly cause and give examples ?

A

Fungal disease
Clostridium tetani & bacillus anthracis ( tetanus & anthrax )

101
Q

What is water infectious type and examples?

A

Contaminated by feces
E. coli. Polio, HAV, typhoid fever

102
Q

What are the 3 modes of disease transmission?

A

Contact transmission
Vehicle transmission
Vector transmission

103
Q

What are the 4 types of contact transmission?

A

Direct
Congenital
Indirect transmission
Droplet transmission

104
Q

What is direct contact transmission?

A

Person to person

105
Q

What are examples of direct contact transmission?

A

Kissing, sex, touching, shaking hands

106
Q

What is congenital transmission?

A

Mother to fetus or newborn at birth

107
Q

What are examples of congenital contact transmission?

A

Egg or Sperm
Placenta
Breast milk
Birth canal

108
Q

What is indirect transmission?

A

Noliving object ( formites)

109
Q

What are examples of indirect transmission?

A

Fomites
( syringe, drinking glass, toys )

110
Q

What is droplet transmission?

A

Droplet nuclei

111
Q

What are examples of droplet transmission?

A

Sneezing, coughing, talking

112
Q

What are the 3 vechicle transmission?

A

Water, food, air,

(body fluid & blood )

113
Q

What is vehicle transmission?

A

A non living carrier of an infectious agent from its reservoir to a host

114
Q

How is water associated with vehicle transmission?

A

Fecal contamination

115
Q

What are some examples of water in vechial transmission, diseases? (3)

A

Cholera, leptospirosis, shigellosis

116
Q

How is food associated with vehicle transmission?

A

Uncooked and improper refrigeration ( food poisoning )

117
Q

What are some examples of food in vehicle transmission? (3)

A

Botulism & typhoid fever & salmonella

118
Q

How is air associated with vehicle transmission ?

A

Mucus droplets

119
Q

What are some examples of air in vechicle transmission ? (3)

A

Histoplasmosis
Measles
Tuberculosis

120
Q

What are vector transmission?

A

Insect ( anthropods )

121
Q

What are the two vector transmission ?

A

Biological
Mechanical

122
Q

What are biological vector transmission ?

A

Bitten by mosquitoes

123
Q

What are examples of biological transmission ? (2)

A

Lyme disease
Malaria

124
Q

What are mechanical transmission?

A

Mosquitoes feet or body part touches food or skin

125
Q

What is passive and no replication of micrograms in vector transmission? Biological or mechanical?

A

Mechanical

126
Q

What are examples of mechanical transmission? (2)

A

Shingellosis & typhoid fever

127
Q

When aerosols containing pathogens spread disease from a distance of less than one meter is it considered?

A

Contact transmission
( more specific droplet transmission )

128
Q

Droplet vs airborne difference?

A

Air long distance
Droplet less than a meter

129
Q

Where would you put covid? Contact or airborne ?

A

Both !

130
Q

What is a nosocomial infection?

A

Hospital acquired infection

131
Q

What are the 3 factors that make nosocomial infections dangerous?

A
  1. Hospitals
  2. Compromised patients
  3. Chain of transmission
132
Q

What are some examples of nosocomial infections?

A

Pseudomonas

Microbiology Exam 3 (12 decks)

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