viruses and bacteria of female

Question 1

what are the 4 main viruses of cattle

Answer 1

BVDV
BHV
schmallenberg
bluetongue

Question 2

how is BVDV transmitted

Answer 2

shed by resp + faeces and semen - enter resp / GIT - haematogenous to placenta

Question 3

how does BVDV affect cattle in different trimesters?

Answer 3

1st - embryonic / foetal death, PI calf

2- abortion, mummified, congenital deformities (cerebellar hypoplasia, retinal dysplasia, cataracts)

3- occasional abortion / stillbirth

Question 4

till when can a calf be PI by BVDV and why?

Answer 4

till d 140 when it become immunocompetent

Question 5

how can you diagnose and prevent BVDV?

Answer 5

- PCR of thymus spleen
IHC on brain
serology on free foetal fluid
vacc dam
remove PI animals

Question 6

how do viruses cause repro failure?

Answer 6

viral replication in foetal tissues - malformation / death, damage to placental BV, stress and pyrexia of dam

Question 7

what is the sheep equivalent of BVDV?

Answer 7

border disease (hairy shaker lambs)

Question 8

how is BHV 1 transmitted?

Answer 8

venereal
contact
aerosol

Question 9

what are the signs of BHV?

Answer 9

painful genital lesions
swelling
frequent urination
self-limiting
may be latent and activated by stress

Question 10

what does a BHV abortion look like?

Answer 10

at 4-8 m
necrosis in liver and lung
autolysis

Question 11

how do you diagnose and prevent BHV?

Answer 11

immunofluorescence on foetus

vaccinate dam

Question 12

what are the signs of schmallenberg in cattle?

Answer 12

arthrogryposis
hydrancephaly
cerebellar / cerebal hypoplasia

Question 13

how do you diagnose schmallenberg?

Answer 13

brain PCR
histopath
foetal and materanl serology

Question 14

what are the signs of bluetongue in cattle?

Answer 14

abortion
dam pyrexia
congenital hydrancencephaly

Question 15

what are the 7 main pig viral repro disease?

Answer 15

PRRS
porcine parvovirus
swine influenza
porcine circovirus 2
aujeszkys disease
classical swine fever
african swine fever

Question 16

how does PRRS spread?

Answer 16

aerosol

semen

Question 17

what are the signs of PRRS?

Answer 17

resp disease
oedema
immunosuppression
mummified abortion
premature births

Question 18

how do you diagnose and prevent PRRS?

Answer 18

• PCR of lymphoid tissue
  screen semen with PCR
  quarantine and separate preg sows

Question 19

how is porcine parvovirus transmitted?

Answer 19

faecal - oral

transplacental

Question 20

what are the signs of porcine parvovirus?

Answer 20

SMEDI

resorption or mummification or stillbirth

Question 21

how do you diagnose porcine parvo?

Answer 21

PCR on liver
foetal fluid serology if over 70d / 16 cm long (as immunocompetent)
immunofluorescence on liver

Question 22

what signs are seen with swine influenza?

Answer 22

resp
pyrexia
abortion

Question 23

how do you diagnose swine influenza?

Answer 23

PCR

paired serology

Question 24

what signs do you see with porcine circovirus 2?

Answer 24

abortion
mummification
stillbirth
weak piglet
congenital tremor

Question 25

how do you diagnose and prevent porcine circovirus 2?

Answer 25

IHC on heart vacc - not found in UK

Question 26

why cant you PCR for porcine circovirus?

Answer 26

as prevent in all animals

Question 27

what are the signs of aujeszkys disease?

Answer 27

aerosol - haematogenous - foetus - abort / still born / CNS signs

Question 28

what are the signs of classical swine fever?

Answer 28

``` dia haemorrhage on skin and organs abortion mummies stillborn ```

Question 29

what are the signs of african swine fever?

Answer 29

``` dia haemorrhage on skin and organs abortion mummies stillborn ```

Question 30

what 3 viral pig disease are notifiable?

Answer 30

aujeszkys disease classical swine fever african swine fever

Question 31

what is the main dog virus?

Answer 31

canine herpesvirus

Question 32

what are the signs , infection route and prevention of canine herpesvirus?

Answer 32

- via birth canal / contact after birth organ necrosis , death vacc bitch

Question 33

what are the 2 main cat viruses?

Answer 33

FLV | feline panleuocopenia virus

Question 34

how does FLV spread, diagnosed and prevented?

Answer 34

- crosses placenta - resorb or abort - Ag test queen, immunofluorescence / PCR on foetus - vacc

Question 35

what are the signs of feline panleucopenia virus?

Answer 35

repro failure | cerebellar hypoplasia

Question 36

how do you detect virus?

Answer 36

virus isolation | PCR

Question 37

how do you detect Ab to virus?

Answer 37

foetal fluids | dam serology

Question 38

5 bacteria causing bovine abortion

Answer 38

``` leptospira hardjo bacillus licheniformis salmonella dublin brucella abortus and melitensis mycoses - aspergillus ```

Question 39

what are the signs of leptospira in cattle?

Answer 39

abortion milk loss infertility often subclinical

Question 40

how does leptospira spread?

Answer 40

urine | infected water

Question 41

how do you diagnose and prevent leptospira?

Answer 41

- paired sera samples - microscopic agglutination test - vacc - reach equilibrium in herd with subclinical disease

Question 42

what are the signs of bacillus licheniformis?

Answer 42

abortion

Question 43

how is bacillus licheniformis spread?

Answer 43

from the soil | not animal to animal

Question 44

what are the signs of brucella?

Answer 44

chronic infection with granulomatus lesions placentitis abortion

Question 45

how is brucella spread?

Answer 45

wildlife reservoirs enter by phagocytosis at mucosal surfaces and migrates via lymph to blood localises in lymph, liver, spleen

Question 46

how do you diagnose brucella abortus?

Answer 46

culture intracellularly in eggs / cells | appears red with kosters stain

Question 47

can you vaccinate against brucella?

Answer 47

yes

Question 48

what are the signs of aspergillus?

Answer 48

placentitis | foetal death

Question 49

how is aspergillus spread?

Answer 49

inhaled / ingested fungal spores from mouldy food / fed | gets into macrophages and spreads haematogenously

Question 50

what is seen on the calf with aspergillus?

Answer 50

necrotic skin

Question 51

what bacteria can cause bovine infertility?

Answer 51

camylobacter fetus subsp venerealis

Question 52

what does campylobacter do to the bull?

Answer 52

lifelong asymptomatic infection | lives in mm and prepuce

Question 53

what does campylobacter do to the cow?

Answer 53

catarrhal infl of the genital tract endometritis embryo dies as cant implant infertile

Question 54

how is campylobacter spread?

Answer 54

venereally

Question 55

how can you diagnose campylobacter?

Answer 55

culture / PCR of sheath / vaginal washings or abortion products

Question 56

what 5 bacteria can cause bovine endometritis?

Answer 56

``` truperella pyogenes e,coli streptococci anaerobes enterococcus faecalis ```

Question 57

what are the signs of bovine endometritis?

Answer 57

acute / chronic suppurative infection | luteolysis prevented by infl - CL retained and drainage prevented by closed cervix

Question 58

what 2 main bacteria cause sheep abortion?

Answer 58

chlamydophila abortus | campylobacter fetus subsp fetus

Question 59

what are the signs seen with chlamydophila in sheep?

Answer 59

long term persistent infection late abortion future fertility ok

Question 60

how is chlamydophila spread in sheep?

Answer 60

infected faeces / birds - venereal or oral

Question 61

how do you diagnose and prevent chlamydophila in sheep?

Answer 61

ELISA PCR kosters stain red vaccinate

Question 62

what are the signs of campylobacter in sheep?

Answer 62

sporadic abortion due to bacteraemia

Question 63

how is campylobacter spread?

Answer 63

faeces