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Year 3 repro > repro disease > Flashcards

repro disease Flashcards

1
Q

What are the possible causes of white vaginal discharge?

A

vaginitis
early metoestrus
open pyometra
cystitis

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2
Q

what are the possible causes of red vaginal discharge?

A 
proestrus
oestrus
persistent ovarian follicle
ovarian tumour
vaginal trauma
vaginal foreign body
cystitis
urethral neoplasia
coagulopathy
placental separation
sub involution post partum
vascular malformation
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3
Q

what is normal vaginal discharge?

A

clear and mucoid

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4
Q

what could clear watery vaginal discharge be?

A

amniotic / allantoic fluid

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5
Q

what could greeny-black vaginal discharge mean?

A

normal parturition
dystocia
placental separation

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6
Q

what could brown / red – black vaginal discharge mean?

A

metritis

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7
Q

what could yellow vaginal discharge mean?

A

incontinence

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8
Q

what is vaginitis?

what are the 2 categories?

A

purulent discharge in otherwise healthy bitch
- juvenile - secondary to bacterial contamination, resolves with first season

  • adult - identify and find cause
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9
Q

what is pyometra?

what are the 2 classifications?

A

uterus filled with pus, within 8w of last oestrus

  • open = cervix is open so see mucopurulent vaginal discharge and a mild - moderatley englarged uterus
  • closed = closed cervix, no discharge, uterus grossly distended, more systemic signs
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10
Q

What are the causes of pyometra?

A
  • progesterone from last oestrus
  • bacterial infection
  • cystic endometrial hyperplasia from the last oestrus (thickened endometrium is perfect environment for bacteria)
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11
Q

What are the clinical signs of pyometra?

A 
depression
lethargy
discharge
pyrexia
pu/pd
vomiting
collapse
shock
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12
Q

what would you see on bloods of pyometra patient?

A 
- L shift neutrophilia
azotaemia
acidosis
endotoxaemia
hypoglycaemia
anaemia
coagulation abnormalities
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13
Q

How do you diagnose pyometra?

A

radiography

ultrasound

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14
Q

How would you treat a pyometra?

A

Surgical - OVH

Medical - ABx, supportive therapy, prostaglandins and PRL inhibitor OR progesterone antagonist

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15
Q

Goals of medical treatment of pyometra

A

decrease progesterone
drain by relaxing cervix and uterine contractions
treat bacteria
regenerate uterus

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16
Q

Advantages + disadvnatages of medical treatment of pyometra

A

can still breed at a later date
stabilise before surgery

still need to stay in hospital
not always cheaper
side effects
can reoccur
can take a while to work
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17
Q

What could be the 3 reasons for a vaginal mass?

A
  • vaginal / vestibulo neoplasia
  • vaginal hyperplasia / oedema / prolapse
  • ambiguous genitalia
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18
Q

How would you diagnose and treat a vaginal neoplasia?

A
  • Signs : mass, bulging perineum, dysuria, dyschezia
  • Diagnosis : radiography, endoscopy, biopsy
  • Treatment : excise, neuter, chemo
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19
Q

What are the causes and treatment of vaginal hyperplasia / oedema / prolapse?

A

Causes : excessive response to oestrogens

Treatment : try replace and suture vulva, keep tissues moist , surgical excision , neuter

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20
Q

When to worry with dystocia?

A
  • fetal fluids 2-3 hours ago with no baby
  • vigorous straining for 20-30 mins
  • green / red / brown discharge for 2-4 hrs
  • weak / irregular straining for 2-4 hours
  • over 2-4 hours since last birth
  • second stage labour over 12 hours
  • sickness of dam
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21
Q

What are the maternal causes of dystocia?

A
  • narrow birth canal
  • disturbed labour (uterine inertia / spasm , less abdominal force)
  • uterine abnormalities
  • prolonged / short pregnancy
  • psychogenic status
  • prolonged parturition
  • idiopathic
  • systemic problems
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22
Q

Foetal causes of dystocia?

A
  • increased size
  • malpresentation
  • abnormal development / congenital abnormalities
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23
Q

What is uterine inertia?

A
  • Primary : uterus fails to respond to foetus ( due to : small or large litter , nutritional disease, obesity, age, neuroendocrine regulation)
  • Secondary: exhaustion of myometrium / obstruction of birth canal
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24
Q

Treatment options for dystocia when there is no obstruction?

A

exercise
feathering roof of vagina
oxytocin
treat low Ca / low glucose

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25
Q

4 congenital vulval / vaginal abnormalities?

A

vulval stenosis
anovulvular cleft
rectovaginal fistula
vestibulovaginal stricture / band

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26
Q

4 acquired vulval / vaginal abnormalities?

A

vulval hypertrophy
neoplasia
recessed vulva
trauma

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27
Q

4 causes of abdominal masses

A

retained foetus
ovarian / uterine neoplasia
pyometra
hydro/mucometra

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28
Q

3 causes of missing testicles

A

cryptorchidism
hypoplasia ( 1 or 2) ( congenital or pre-puberty)
anorchism / mororchism

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29
Q

What is cryptorchidism?

A

1 retained testicle
more susceptible to torsion and neoplasia
sex linked so dont breed them / hormonal / environment
castration advised

30
Q

4 causes of testicles of different sizes

A

neoplasia
orchitis / epididymitis
testicular torsion
atrophy / degeneration

31
Q

problems with testicular neoplasia
benign/maliganant?
functioning?
treat?

A 
cause infertility
benign if scrotal , malignant if cryptorchid
leydig / interstitial = testosterone
sertoli = oestrogens
castrate as part of treatment
32
Q

what may cause orchitis / epididymitis? and what may be seen microscopically?

A

infection (coliform , strep and staph)from UT / prostate
haematogenous (brucella abortus)
trauma

granulomas

33
Q

2 causes of a protuding penis

A

paraphimosis

priapism

34
Q

what is paraphimosis

A

non erect penis protudes from perpuce and cannot be retracted or retained in its normal position

35
Q

Causes and treatment of paraphimosis

A

Causes : narrow prepubital opening, penile enlargment

Treat : syptomatically, surgical englargement of prepuce, phallopexy, partial penile amputation

36
Q

what is priapism? causes?

A

persistent erection of over 4 hours without sexual excitement

cause : trauma, perineal abcess, neurological disease

37
Q

2 types of priapism and treatment

A
  • non-ischaemic = entire penis rigid and no pain
  • ischamic = painful rigid shaft with soft glans (emergency)

treat = buster collar, analgesia, topical treatment, amputate with urethrostomy

38
Q

3 things that a penile mass could be

A

infl disease
urethral prolapse
neoplasia

39
Q

what is hypospadias?

A

developmental failure of fusion of the urogenital folds and incomplete formation of penile urethrea

dont correct with surgery

40
Q

what is a persistent frenulum?

A

attaches penis to prepuce and should go at pubery

cut it

41
Q

what is phimosis?

A

inability of the penis to protude beyond the perpubital orifice

surgical enlargement

42
Q

What is seen with benign prostatic hypertrophy?

treat? what is seen microscopically?

A

dyschezia , dysuria / haematuria
castrate
anti-androgens , synthetic progestagen, faecal softners

often older entire dogs

see papillary proliferation of the glandular tissue

43
Q 
causes
signs
diagnosis 
treatment
of prostatitis / prostatic abscess
A

cause : UTI or haemotogenous
signs : purulent discharge, dysuria, pain, vom/dia, pu/pd, sepsis
diagnosis: PE, ultrasound, aspirate, urine analysis, rectal exam
treat: train prostate and give ABx

44
Q

what is the difference between a prostatic / parenchymal cyst and a para/periprostatic cyst?

A

parenchymal within the prostate

periprostatic attached to prostate

45
Q

what is different about prostatic neoplasia
signs
diagnose
treat

A
  • as common in neutered as entire
  • signs : wt loss, hind lameness, dyschezia / dysuria, hind limb oedema
    diagnose: biopsy
    treat: pallatively, prostatectomy, drain and omentalise
  • poor prognosis as most metastasis
46
Q

What 2 diseases can affect the scrotum?

A

dermatitis

neoplasia

47
Q

what disease can affect the tunica vaginalis?

A

anything infecting the peritoneum

48
Q

What is the difference between a pseudo and true hermaphrodite?

A

pseudohermaphrodie = different internal and external genitalia

true hermaphrodite = 1 testis and 1 ovary of ovotestis

49
Q

what pathology is seen with cryptorchidism?

A

interstitial collagen deposition with few spermatogonia

50
Q

What can cause testicular atrophy?

how does it appear grossly and microscopically?

A 
high scrotal temperature
low testicular blood flow
Vit A or Zinc defeciency
drugs
radiation
hyperoestrogenism

bilateral if a systemic problem

Gross = small and firm
Microscopically = fibrosis and granulomas from degenerating sperm
51
Q

what are some causes of infectious epididymitis in the ram?

A

brucella ovis
actinobacillus seminis
histophilus somni
e.coli

52
Q

4 types of testicular neoplasia

A

interstitial / leydig cell
sertoli cell
seminoma
teratoma

53
Q

What is a teratoma?

what animal mainly seen in?

A

from all 3 germ layers and can have skin, teeth, hair, nervous tissue etc

young horses

testicular neoplasia

54
Q

What is a seminoma?

what animals most affected?

A

tumour from spermatogonia

dogs over 7 YO , especially if cryptorchid

55
Q

What animals are mainly affected by sertoli cell tumours?

A

entire dogs over 6 YO

cryptorchid

56
Q

what animals are mainly affected by leydig cell tumours?

A

dogs over 8 YO

57
Q

What is funiculitis?

A

inflammation of the spermatic cord

generally acute and necrotising
often after open castration with a weeping fistula

58
Q

what is the gross and microscopic view of prostate noeplasia?

A

GROSS = asymmetrically enlarged

MICROSCOPICALLY = layers of haphazard glandular cells invading the interstitium and causing fibrosis

59
Q

2 venereal diseases causing infertility and abortion in the cow

A
  • tritrichomonas foetus

- campylobacter foetus spp venerealis

60
Q

what is pizzle rot?

A

ulcerative posthitis in sheep

in castrated animals the penis is smaller so may get urine in the prepuce which irritate the skin causing necrosis and ulceration and maybe sloughing

61
Q

what 3 types of tumour are common on the penis / prepuce?

A

squamous cell carcinoma
fibropapilloma
transmissible venereal tumour

62
Q

what causes squamous cell carcinomas on penis’s and what species is important? what is seen on biopsy?

A

papillomavirus
esp horses

forms keratin curls

63
Q

where are fibropapillomas found on the penis, which species and the problems?

A

glans penis
1-2 YO bulls and regress with age
secondary inf or penile obstruction

64
Q

where is epididymitis normally seen?

A

in tail and unilaterally

65
Q

gross signs of epidiymitis and how does it affect the testis?

A

gross = large, abscess or granuloma

testicular atrophy and degeneration

66
Q

Gross and microscopic appearance of leydig cell tumours

A

Gross = single or multiple spherical, well demarcated , tan - orange , greasy, haemorrhagic, bulge, no testicular enlargement

Microscopically = polyhedral cells

67
Q

Gross and microscopic appearance of sertoli cell tumours

A

Gross = unilateral, firm, lobulated, discrete, white- brown, fibrous, cysts, enlarge testis

Microscopically = multilayered sertoli cells within tubules or invading interstitial tissue with abundant fibrous tissue

68
Q

Gross and microscopic appearance of seminomas

A

Gross= unilateral, single, soft , cream, bulges

Microscopically = sheets of polyhedral cells with large nucleus and thin rim of cytoplasm

69
Q

what is seen microscopically with prostatic metaplasia?

A

glandular epithelium becomes squamous

70
Q

What is weird about the origin of the transmissible venereal tumour? how does it appear on biopsy?

A

histiocytic origin with 59 instead of 78 chromosomes

biopsy = sheets of cells looking like lymphoblasts

Year 3 repro (12 decks)

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