repro disease Flashcards
What are the possible causes of white vaginal discharge?
vaginitis
early metoestrus
open pyometra
cystitis
what are the possible causes of red vaginal discharge?
proestrus oestrus persistent ovarian follicle ovarian tumour vaginal trauma vaginal foreign body cystitis urethral neoplasia coagulopathy placental separation sub involution post partum vascular malformation
what is normal vaginal discharge?
clear and mucoid
what could clear watery vaginal discharge be?
amniotic / allantoic fluid
what could greeny-black vaginal discharge mean?
normal parturition
dystocia
placental separation
what could brown / red – black vaginal discharge mean?
metritis
what could yellow vaginal discharge mean?
incontinence
what is vaginitis?
what are the 2 categories?
purulent discharge in otherwise healthy bitch
- juvenile - secondary to bacterial contamination, resolves with first season
- adult - identify and find cause
what is pyometra?
what are the 2 classifications?
uterus filled with pus, within 8w of last oestrus
- open = cervix is open so see mucopurulent vaginal discharge and a mild - moderatley englarged uterus
- closed = closed cervix, no discharge, uterus grossly distended, more systemic signs
What are the causes of pyometra?
- progesterone from last oestrus
- bacterial infection
- cystic endometrial hyperplasia from the last oestrus (thickened endometrium is perfect environment for bacteria)
What are the clinical signs of pyometra?
depression lethargy discharge pyrexia pu/pd vomiting collapse shock
what would you see on bloods of pyometra patient?
- L shift neutrophilia azotaemia acidosis endotoxaemia hypoglycaemia anaemia coagulation abnormalities
How do you diagnose pyometra?
radiography
ultrasound
How would you treat a pyometra?
Surgical - OVH
Medical - ABx, supportive therapy, prostaglandins and PRL inhibitor OR progesterone antagonist
Goals of medical treatment of pyometra
decrease progesterone
drain by relaxing cervix and uterine contractions
treat bacteria
regenerate uterus
Advantages + disadvnatages of medical treatment of pyometra
can still breed at a later date
stabilise before surgery
still need to stay in hospital not always cheaper side effects can reoccur can take a while to work
What could be the 3 reasons for a vaginal mass?
- vaginal / vestibulo neoplasia
- vaginal hyperplasia / oedema / prolapse
- ambiguous genitalia
How would you diagnose and treat a vaginal neoplasia?
- Signs : mass, bulging perineum, dysuria, dyschezia
- Diagnosis : radiography, endoscopy, biopsy
- Treatment : excise, neuter, chemo
What are the causes and treatment of vaginal hyperplasia / oedema / prolapse?
Causes : excessive response to oestrogens
Treatment : try replace and suture vulva, keep tissues moist , surgical excision , neuter
When to worry with dystocia?
- fetal fluids 2-3 hours ago with no baby
- vigorous straining for 20-30 mins
- green / red / brown discharge for 2-4 hrs
- weak / irregular straining for 2-4 hours
- over 2-4 hours since last birth
- second stage labour over 12 hours
- sickness of dam
What are the maternal causes of dystocia?
- narrow birth canal
- disturbed labour (uterine inertia / spasm , less abdominal force)
- uterine abnormalities
- prolonged / short pregnancy
- psychogenic status
- prolonged parturition
- idiopathic
- systemic problems
Foetal causes of dystocia?
- increased size
- malpresentation
- abnormal development / congenital abnormalities
What is uterine inertia?
- Primary : uterus fails to respond to foetus ( due to : small or large litter , nutritional disease, obesity, age, neuroendocrine regulation)
- Secondary: exhaustion of myometrium / obstruction of birth canal
Treatment options for dystocia when there is no obstruction?
exercise
feathering roof of vagina
oxytocin
treat low Ca / low glucose
4 congenital vulval / vaginal abnormalities?
vulval stenosis
anovulvular cleft
rectovaginal fistula
vestibulovaginal stricture / band
4 acquired vulval / vaginal abnormalities?
vulval hypertrophy
neoplasia
recessed vulva
trauma
4 causes of abdominal masses
retained foetus
ovarian / uterine neoplasia
pyometra
hydro/mucometra
3 causes of missing testicles
cryptorchidism
hypoplasia ( 1 or 2) ( congenital or pre-puberty)
anorchism / mororchism
What is cryptorchidism?
1 retained testicle
more susceptible to torsion and neoplasia
sex linked so dont breed them / hormonal / environment
castration advised
4 causes of testicles of different sizes
neoplasia
orchitis / epididymitis
testicular torsion
atrophy / degeneration
problems with testicular neoplasia
benign/maliganant?
functioning?
treat?
cause infertility benign if scrotal , malignant if cryptorchid leydig / interstitial = testosterone sertoli = oestrogens castrate as part of treatment
what may cause orchitis / epididymitis? and what may be seen microscopically?
infection (coliform , strep and staph)from UT / prostate
haematogenous (brucella abortus)
trauma
granulomas
2 causes of a protuding penis
paraphimosis
priapism
what is paraphimosis
non erect penis protudes from perpuce and cannot be retracted or retained in its normal position
Causes and treatment of paraphimosis
Causes : narrow prepubital opening, penile enlargment
Treat : syptomatically, surgical englargement of prepuce, phallopexy, partial penile amputation
what is priapism? causes?
persistent erection of over 4 hours without sexual excitement
cause : trauma, perineal abcess, neurological disease
2 types of priapism and treatment
- non-ischaemic = entire penis rigid and no pain
- ischamic = painful rigid shaft with soft glans (emergency)
treat = buster collar, analgesia, topical treatment, amputate with urethrostomy
3 things that a penile mass could be
infl disease
urethral prolapse
neoplasia
what is hypospadias?
developmental failure of fusion of the urogenital folds and incomplete formation of penile urethrea
dont correct with surgery
what is a persistent frenulum?
attaches penis to prepuce and should go at pubery
cut it
what is phimosis?
inability of the penis to protude beyond the perpubital orifice
surgical enlargement
What is seen with benign prostatic hypertrophy?
treat? what is seen microscopically?
dyschezia , dysuria / haematuria
castrate
anti-androgens , synthetic progestagen, faecal softners
often older entire dogs
see papillary proliferation of the glandular tissue
causes signs diagnosis treatment of prostatitis / prostatic abscess
cause : UTI or haemotogenous
signs : purulent discharge, dysuria, pain, vom/dia, pu/pd, sepsis
diagnosis: PE, ultrasound, aspirate, urine analysis, rectal exam
treat: train prostate and give ABx
what is the difference between a prostatic / parenchymal cyst and a para/periprostatic cyst?
parenchymal within the prostate
periprostatic attached to prostate
what is different about prostatic neoplasia
signs
diagnose
treat
- as common in neutered as entire
- signs : wt loss, hind lameness, dyschezia / dysuria, hind limb oedema
diagnose: biopsy
treat: pallatively, prostatectomy, drain and omentalise - poor prognosis as most metastasis
What 2 diseases can affect the scrotum?
dermatitis
neoplasia
what disease can affect the tunica vaginalis?
anything infecting the peritoneum
What is the difference between a pseudo and true hermaphrodite?
pseudohermaphrodie = different internal and external genitalia
true hermaphrodite = 1 testis and 1 ovary of ovotestis
what pathology is seen with cryptorchidism?
interstitial collagen deposition with few spermatogonia
What can cause testicular atrophy?
how does it appear grossly and microscopically?
high scrotal temperature low testicular blood flow Vit A or Zinc defeciency drugs radiation hyperoestrogenism
bilateral if a systemic problem
Gross = small and firm Microscopically = fibrosis and granulomas from degenerating sperm
what are some causes of infectious epididymitis in the ram?
brucella ovis
actinobacillus seminis
histophilus somni
e.coli
4 types of testicular neoplasia
interstitial / leydig cell
sertoli cell
seminoma
teratoma
What is a teratoma?
what animal mainly seen in?
from all 3 germ layers and can have skin, teeth, hair, nervous tissue etc
young horses
testicular neoplasia
What is a seminoma?
what animals most affected?
tumour from spermatogonia
dogs over 7 YO , especially if cryptorchid
What animals are mainly affected by sertoli cell tumours?
entire dogs over 6 YO
cryptorchid
what animals are mainly affected by leydig cell tumours?
dogs over 8 YO
What is funiculitis?
inflammation of the spermatic cord
generally acute and necrotising
often after open castration with a weeping fistula
what is the gross and microscopic view of prostate noeplasia?
GROSS = asymmetrically enlarged
MICROSCOPICALLY = layers of haphazard glandular cells invading the interstitium and causing fibrosis
2 venereal diseases causing infertility and abortion in the cow
- tritrichomonas foetus
- campylobacter foetus spp venerealis
what is pizzle rot?
ulcerative posthitis in sheep
in castrated animals the penis is smaller so may get urine in the prepuce which irritate the skin causing necrosis and ulceration and maybe sloughing
what 3 types of tumour are common on the penis / prepuce?
squamous cell carcinoma
fibropapilloma
transmissible venereal tumour
what causes squamous cell carcinomas on penis’s and what species is important? what is seen on biopsy?
papillomavirus
esp horses
forms keratin curls
where are fibropapillomas found on the penis, which species and the problems?
glans penis
1-2 YO bulls and regress with age
secondary inf or penile obstruction
where is epididymitis normally seen?
in tail and unilaterally
gross signs of epidiymitis and how does it affect the testis?
gross = large, abscess or granuloma
testicular atrophy and degeneration
Gross and microscopic appearance of leydig cell tumours
Gross = single or multiple spherical, well demarcated , tan - orange , greasy, haemorrhagic, bulge, no testicular enlargement
Microscopically = polyhedral cells
Gross and microscopic appearance of sertoli cell tumours
Gross = unilateral, firm, lobulated, discrete, white- brown, fibrous, cysts, enlarge testis
Microscopically = multilayered sertoli cells within tubules or invading interstitial tissue with abundant fibrous tissue
Gross and microscopic appearance of seminomas
Gross= unilateral, single, soft , cream, bulges
Microscopically = sheets of polyhedral cells with large nucleus and thin rim of cytoplasm
what is seen microscopically with prostatic metaplasia?
glandular epithelium becomes squamous
What is weird about the origin of the transmissible venereal tumour? how does it appear on biopsy?
histiocytic origin with 59 instead of 78 chromosomes
biopsy = sheets of cells looking like lymphoblasts
