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Year 3 repro > equine reproduction > Flashcards

equine reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

when should the pre-screening checks be?

A

1st jan - 15th Feb

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2
Q

how are stallions and teasers tested?

A
  • bacteria - 2 swabs 7d apart of - urtheral, urethral fossa, prepucial smegma, pre-ejaculatory fluid
  • viral - 1 serum for EVA , 1 serum for EIA
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3
Q

how are mares tested?

A
  • bacteria - 1 swab - clitoral sinus, clitoral fossa, urethral opening
  • viral - 1 serum for EVA, 1 serum for EIA
  • if had dystocia then endometrial swab when in oestrus 7d after abx finished to rule out pseudomonas and klebsiella
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4
Q

what are the bacterial venereal diseases?

A
  • taylorella equigenitalis
  • klebsiella pneumoniae
  • pseudomonas aeruginose
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5
Q

what are the signs of bacterial venereal disease?

A

vaginal discharge 2 d after mating
early return to oestrus
no signs

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6
Q

management and control for bacterial venereal disease

A
  • stop mating and AI
  • clitorectomy to remove carrier status
  • abx
  • improve hygiene
  • stud management
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7
Q

what are the 6 viral venereal diseases?

A
  • EVA
  • EHV- 1
  • equine coital exanthema
  • EIA
  • dourine
  • strangles
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8
Q

what are the signs of EVA?

A 
- brick red conjuctiva
fever 
depression
filled legs
rash
abortion
early preg failure
may be subclinical
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9
Q

What does EVA do?

A

infects macrophages and endothelial cells

-spreads by semen or resp tract

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10
Q

how do you test for EVA?

A
  • blood for Ab
  • nasopharyngela swabs for PCR and culture
  • blood 1 m later
  • notifiable
  • stallions (not mares) may become permenant shedders
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11
Q

what are the signs of EHV - 1?

A 
- resp inf
nasal discharge
abortion
ataxia
paralysis
incontinence
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12
Q

what are the characteristics of EHV abortion?

A
  • lung oedema
  • multifocal necrosis in liver, lungs and spleen
  • last trimester
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13
Q

how do you test for EHV?

A
  • blood
    nasopharyngeal swab
    PCR on foetal liver
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14
Q

prevention of EHV

A

vacc in jan and july if not preg

when preg vacc in 5,7,9 month

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15
Q

what is coital exanthema?

A

lesions on penile, preputial and vulval skin

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16
Q

what do you do if a horse has coital exanthema?

A
  • treat symptomatically

- no mating for 10-14 d

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17
Q

what do you see with EIA?

A 
- fever
anaemia
oedema
weight loss
death
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18
Q

how is EIA spread?

A

horseflies and stableflies

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19
Q

what is dourine?

A

trypanosoma equiperdum

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20
Q

what are the signs of strangles?

A 
resp inf
nasal discharge
submandibular abscess
internal abscess
pneumonia
colic
dia
weight loss
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21
Q

how do you diagnose strangles?

A

nasopharyngeal swabs
tracheal and guttural pouch swabs
PCR

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22
Q

how do you treat strangles?

A

isolate
penicillin
guttural pouch flush
vacc

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23
Q

what are the characteristics of a good teaser? and when should you use him?

A

virulent cooperative pony
daily during oestrus
every other day 14 d after mating

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24
Q

what are the signs of oestrus?

A 
submissive
ears forward
legs straddled
tail high
urinating
everting clitoris
vulval and cervical seal not intact (vestibular still is)
responds well to teaser
cervix appearance
follicle > 3 cm moving towards fossa
uterus loosing fold oedema
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25
Q

signs of diostrus to teaser

A

violent
ears back
screaming
tail clamped down

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26
Q

what 5 things do you do after first show to teaser? and why?

A 
vaginoscopy  - endometrial swabs (strep, staph, ecoli)
rectal - ovaries and uterus , follicles
ultrasound - wall thickness
perineal exam - discharge, pneumovagina
vaginal exam -how does cervix look

repeat 24-48 hrs until oestrus detected

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27
Q

how should the cervix appear during oestrus and otherwise?

A

oestrus - relaxed, pink, moist

otherwise - tight, pale, dry

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28
Q

what is a foal heat?

A

7-10d after foaling
most not ready to be mated
opportunity to take swabs as cervix open

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29
Q

how do you want to mate during oestrus and what time

A

~ 30 d post foaling

once during oestrus

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30
Q

what should you do 48 hr after mating?

A

rectal palpation - loss of follicle , pain?

ultrasound - corpus haemorrhagicum, quantity and echogenicity of lumenal fluid

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31
Q

on what day of pregnancy should you examine the mare? and how?

A

about d 15-16

  • vaginal exam - want tight dry cervix - if not take swabs and prepare to mate
  • uterine plapation - very tonic with slight bulge
  • ultrasound
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32
Q

when should you ultrasound the foal?

A

d 15-16
d 25-30
d 42
gender at d 65

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33
Q

what happens to the udder near foaling?

A

enlarges

waxy secretion

34
Q

what are the signs of the first stage of labour?

A 
- restless
nest making
moving bedding
colic signs
frequent small amounts of uring
small dropping
looks at flank
roll around
35
Q

what should you do at foaling if the mare has had Caslick’s surgery?

A

open vulva at stage 1 (without anaesthesia) and suture immediatley after foaling

36
Q

what happens during the first stage of labour?

A

water breaks - rupture of chorioallantois and foetal urine expelled

37
Q

what should you do between stage 1 and 2 of labour

A

examine internally to check foal orientation

38
Q

what happens in second stage labour?

A
  • allantoic fluid expelled
  • see smooth pale amnion
  • muzzle and 2 front legs emerge
  • rest of foal born
39
Q

what should you do before the umbilical cord breaks?

A

get foal to lie still / support foal if mare standing so blood drains from placenta into the foal

dress with antiseptic once it breaks

40
Q

what happens in the 3rd stage of labour?

A

placenta expelled
should be within 1 hr
can tie it up into a ball so it isnt damaged
ensure all of placenta expelled

41
Q

what is a red bag delivery? and what should you do?

A

when placenta detaches early ad pushed out the vulva

open bag and get foal out ASAP as will asphyxiate

42
Q

what should you do with uterine inertia

A

oxytocin / ca

assist

43
Q

what is vaginal evisceration and what should you do?

A
  • large colon comes out of vagina

- c ssection and euthanise mare

44
Q

what do you do with a posterior presentation?

A

deliver rapidly
give foal oxygen
monitor for neonatal maladjustment syndrome (NMS)

45
Q

what do you do if one foreleg is back?

A

repel foetus and use ropes
keep mare standing
pull out mares tongue so cant push
epidural if needed

46
Q

what do you do if the head and neck are back?

A

repeal and use ropes
keep mare standing
pull out tongue
analgesia

47
Q

what do you do with a breech?

A

C section

48
Q

how do you repair the uterus in a c section?

A

crushing blanket sutures

49
Q

what does pain immediatley after foaling mean?

A

normal cramps

50
Q

what is the possible cause of pain soon after foaling?

A

uterine artery haemorrhage
uterine rupture
caecal rupture

51
Q

what is the possible cause of pain 24 hr - month after foaling?

A

colon torsion

52
Q

what are the two ways a uterine artery haemorrhage can go?

A
  • fatal haematoma - pale mm , shock, collapse

- contained haematoma - normal mm, mass on rectal, moderate colic

53
Q

what do you do with a uterine rupture?

A

emergency surgery

most fatal

54
Q

what is the normal outcome of caecocolic rupture?

A

death

55
Q

what do you do with a uterine prolapse?

A

oxy to involute
stay sutures
protect uterus

56
Q

what do you do with a retained placenta?

A

dont tear out!!
tie in a ball – oxytocin drip – abx, NSAIDs, anti- endotoxic flunixin meglamine – pump in water

daily uterine flushes, abx, anti- endotoxic drugs

57
Q

what do you do with obturator paralysis?

A

slings

hobbles

58
Q

what do you do with colon torsion?

A

coli surgery

colopexy

59
Q

what are the consequences of cervical injuries?

A

unlikely to maintain pregnancy

60
Q

how are perineal lacerations categorised?

A

1st degree - small tears of mucosa, heal with minimum intention

2nd degree - involves deeper constrictor muscles and perineal body , needs surgical correction immediatley

3rd degree - tearing of vestibular and vaginal walls, perineal body, anal sphincter, rectal wall - surgical correction and reconstruction

61
Q

what do you examine a barren mare?

A

in the autumn so have time to correct issue before mating

62
Q

what exam do you carry out on a barren mare?

A 
vaginal exam
cervical exam
swabs
smears
ovarian palpation
ultrasound
uterine plapation
bacteriology
cytology
histology
63
Q

what is a pneumovagina?

A

the vagina and anus should be in a straight line but with age and parity the abdomen sinks pulling the vagina with it so get air in it

do Caslicks vulvoplasty

64
Q

how long should it take for a foal to sit, stand and nurse?

A

sit 5-15 min
stand 30-90 min
nurse <2h

65
Q

name 5 conditions that can affect the pregnant mare that can also affect the foal

A 
bacterial placentitis
placental insufficiency
placental separation
body wall rupture
hydroallantois or hydroamnion
66
Q

what is perinatal asphyxia syndrome (PAS)? ( also known as neonatal maladjustment syndrome)

signs, diagnosis

A
  • decreased oxygen to tissues during / shortly after birth (reduced maternal oxygen delivering ability, reduced uterine blood flow, placental disease, reduced umbilical blood folw, dystocia, premature placental separation, uterine inertia, anything prolonging stage 2 labour)
    and
    -abnormal transition from fetal to post partum state (abnormally high foal p4)

see: CNS signs, GI damage (meconium retention, intolerance of oral feeding, diarrhoea, mecrotic enteritis), renal dysfunction

diagnose on signs and treat symptomatically

bloods - azotaemia, elevated CK, metabolic acidosis, pancreas and liver may appear injured

67
Q

how is sepsis seen in the foal?

A
  • infection can be in utero or after birth
  • clinical signs will be very subtle and any compromised foal should be assumed to be septic until proven otherwise

signs - hyperaemia of mm and coronary band, petechiae fibrin or haemorrhage in anterior chamber, body temp can be low, normal or high, joint swelling and lameness after 3-5 d, tachypnoea, tachcardia

bloods - leucopaenia, neutropaenia, increased band neutrophils

often need intensive care, prognosis is good to guarded

68
Q

signs of prematurity in foals

A 
small size
silky hair coat
floppy ears
domed forehead
weakness
flexor tendon laxity
incomplete ossification of cuboidal bones (tarsal and carpal)
respiratory distress due to surfactant insufficiency
69
Q

6 diseases causing a weak foal

A 
sepsis
neonatal encephalopaty
prematurity
neonatal isoerythrolysis
uroperitoneum
musculoskeletal abnormalities
70
Q

what is normal foal mentation?

A

bright
active
nurse frequently

71
Q

normal foal temperature?

A

37.2 - 38.6

72
Q

normal foal CVS

A

HR 70-100

grade I - IV / VI murmur holosystolic over heart base is normal for first 4 days as DA closes

73
Q

normal foal RR?

A

20-40 bpm

74
Q

normal foal urination?

A

should urinate within 12 hours and it will be very dilute

75
Q

normal foal defecation?

A

meconium should be passed in first few hours

76
Q

what does milk on the foals face indicate?

A

been trying to nurse but not latched on properly

77
Q

sings of hypovolaemia in a foal and what to do?

A

cool extremeties, poor peripheral pulses, prolonged CRT, tachycardia, depression

crystalloid fluids - bolus to effect (20ml / kg)

78
Q

signs and treatment of foal sepsis?

A

depression, tachycardia, fever / hypothermia, petechiation, suspected failure of passive transfer (FPT), signs of infection

broad spectrum abx, plasma igG

79
Q

when is a foal hypoglycaemic?

A

under 3mmol/l of blood glucose

80
Q

when to refer a foal?

A 
seizuring
no response to fluid bolus
GI dysfunction so cant nurse
ruptured bladder
septic arthiritis
resp distress
severe diarrhoea
recumbent
suspect neonatal isoerythrolysis
prematurity

Year 3 repro (12 decks)

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