repro surgery

Question 1

indications for OVH

Answer 1

elective
pyometra
ovarian cysts
hydro/mucometra
uterine torsion / prolapse
uterine rupture
ovarian / uterine neoplasia
metritis
improved control of diabetes mellitus / epilepsy

Question 2

9 step OVH

Answer 2

1) midline incision
2) locate uterus and ovaries
3) ovarian release of 1 horn (suspensory ligament cut and window in mesovarium)
4) pedicle clamping
5) ovarian ligature
6) broad ligament ligature
7) repeat 3 -6 with other horn
8) cervical ligature
9) check pedicles

Question 3

Possible complications of OVH

Answer 3

ureteral injury
retained ovarian remnant
urinary incontinence
weight gain
anaesthesia and surgery

Question 4

indications for a caesarean section

Answer 4

fetal distress
dystocia from uterine inertia
big foetuses
maternal pelvic abnormality
foetal monstrosity
fetal malpresentation
fetal death

Question 5

5 steps to C section

Answer 5

1) midline incision
2) exteriorise uterus
3) 1 incision in uterine wall
4) milk foetuses out , clam umbilical cord , only remove placenta if comes freely
5) repair uterus

Question 6

potential problems of C section

Answer 6

uterine haemorrhage
retained placente
acute metritis
subinvolution of placental sites
uterine rupture / prolapse
toxic milk syndrome
agalactia
galactostasis
mastitis
peuperal tetany
disturbed mental behaviour

Question 7

what is an en bloc ovariohysterectomy?

Answer 7

hysterectomy and hysterotomy and neonate removal at once

Question 8

indications for castration

Answer 8

population control
behaviour ( may not sort out unless sexually related / testosterone related)
neoplasia
cryptorchidism
torsion
orchitis / epididymitis
trauma
anal adenoma
perineal rupture
prostatic disease
repair inguinal / scrotal hernia
decrease marking teritory, roaming, intermale aggressions, mounting

Question 9

2 ways of castrating a dog

Answer 9

open - vaginal tunic cut and not repaired (less swelling and less risk of ligature slippage)

closed - vaginal tunic left intact (less risk of hernia)

Question 10

4 step dog castration

Answer 10

1) push testicles up and do a prescrotal incision
2) pull out 1 testicle and ligate with 3 forcep technique
3) do other one
4) inspect and close

Question 11

2 ways of doing a cat castrate

Answer 11

knot spermatic cord and vas deferns together

OR

overhand knot

Question 12

when would you perform a scrotal ablation?

Answer 12

scrotal disease
less complications in old dogs
part of urethostomy procedure
when scrotal skin needed for a graft

Question 13

complications of castration

Answer 13

scrotal swelling
uretheral injury
failure to locate retained testis
weight gain
urinary incontinence
anaesthesia

Question 14

reasons to not spay pre - puberty

Answer 14

• juvenile vaginitis and congenital urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence get better with the 1st season
• risky if not experienced
• increased risk of orthopaedic disease
• more risk of hypothermia
• more risk of hypoglycaemia
• more sensitive to drugs
• loss of gene pool
• secondary sexual charateristics and behaviour dont develop
• delay in growth plate closure
• higher cancer risk

Question 15

Reasons to spay pre - puberty

Answer 15

• prevent any pregnancy / oestrus
• wont learn hormone influenced behaviour
• less risk of mammary tumours
• quicker and easier
• faster recovery
• less repro tract disease risk
• cheaper
• secondary sexual characteristics and behaviour doesnt develop

Question 16

when to neuter a bitch post puberty?

Answer 16

NOT during oestrus

about 4 m post season (as immediadly after a season the sudden drop in progesterone may cause a pseudopregnancy)

Question 17

Benefits of ovarioectomy

Answer 17

• appropriate for popn control
• less tissue loss
• shorter surgery
• less haemorrhage risk
• no increased risk of pyometra
• less suture material
• less risk of uretheral injury

Question 18

Benefits of OVH

Answer 18

familiar
less risk of future problems and having to go back
hormones in the future wont affect remaining tract

Question 19

3 non-surgical ways of preventing oestrus

Answer 19

progestagens
androgens
prolonged GnRH agonist and antagonists

Question 20

Who to neuter and when?

Answer 20

All male cats castrate if not breeding from them
Female cats on individual basis but OK to do pre 4 months but after vax

Dogs on an individual basis

in a shelter neuter all as a pop’n

Question 21

3 methods of castrating farm animals?

Answer 21

elastrator
burdizzo
open castration

Question 22

how do you castrate using an elastrator / rubber ring?

Answer 22

ensure both testis in scrotum
mind the sigmoid flexure
causes necrosis of scrotum and testis

Question 23

who can you use a rubber ring castration on?

Answer 23

lamb and calves under 1 wo

Question 24

what are the advantages and disadvantages of rubber ring castration?

Answer 24

+ = simple, low failure rate

• = under 1 wo old only, pain, tissue necrosis

Question 25

what is the burdizzo / bloodless method of castration?

Answer 25

• pull one testis to bottom of scrotum and clamp cord as laterally as possible
• about 4 cm above top of testis and the 2nd clamp 1 cm lower
• repeat on other side
• after 8 w should just feel 2 hard nuts

Question 26

who can you castrate with a burdizzo?

Answer 26

calves and lambs

Question 27

what are the advantages and disadvantages of burdizzo castration?

Answer 27

+ = no wound

• = pain, high failure rate, scrotal ischaemia if get to close to middle, risk of crushing sigmoid flexure

Question 28

how does open castration work in a cow?

Answer 28

• local anaesthetic around each cord
• J shape incision near bottom of scrotum
• remove testis and pull and twist until cord snap
• repeat with other one

Question 29

how is open castration different in the lamb, ram and boar?

Answer 29

Lamb - cut off bottom of scrotum
Ram - epidural block
Boar - epidural of GA, testis high up so harder to push down into scrotum

Question 30

advantages and disadvantages of open castration in farm animals?

Answer 30

+ = guarantee everything has gone

• = haemorrhage, post op oedema and inf
  , inguinal herniation

Question 31

What are the indications for a caesar on a ruminant?

Answer 31

speedier and safer than a fetotomy
incomplete dilation
irreducible torsion
5 day overdue
long period of unproductive straining
dam under 18 mo
foeto-maternal disproportion
elective if very valuable

Question 32

When should a FA caesar not be done?

Answer 32

if baby if really foetid and manky as will infect wound

Question 33

what are 3 options for anaesthetic for a caesarean on a cow?

Answer 33

• paravertebral - T13, L1, L2 nerves, 20ml /nerve
• local block - line, inverted L
• epidural - only if really straining

Question 34

what is one major preparation for a cow caesar?

Answer 34

tie a rope on RH leg so if she goes down can roll her onto the RHS

Question 35

10 step cow caesarean

Answer 35

1) clip / shave and scrub
2) incise on L from deepest point of fossa for 1 ft straight down
3) cut through 3 muscles layers + peritoneum
4) exteriorise uterus
5) incise along one leg and apply ropes
6) pull umbilicus towards tail so it breaks further up
7) check calf ok
8) ligate any large vessels
9) suture uterus - 6-8metric catgut, inverted modified cushing
10) suture skin and muscle layers - simple continuous

Question 36

what should you do to a cow post caesar?

Answer 36

Abx
NSAIDs
oxytocin / milk it to start involution
check in 24 - 72 hrs

Question 37

what are intra op and post op complication of a cow caesar?

Answer 37

intra -op = incise rumen, uterine tear, haemorrhage, recumbency

post - op = wound inf, endometritis, metritis, peritonitis, sepsis, adhesions, subfertility