repro surgery Flashcards
indications for OVH
elective pyometra ovarian cysts hydro/mucometra uterine torsion / prolapse uterine rupture ovarian / uterine neoplasia metritis improved control of diabetes mellitus / epilepsy
9 step OVH
1) midline incision
2) locate uterus and ovaries
3) ovarian release of 1 horn (suspensory ligament cut and window in mesovarium)
4) pedicle clamping
5) ovarian ligature
6) broad ligament ligature
7) repeat 3 -6 with other horn
8) cervical ligature
9) check pedicles
Possible complications of OVH
ureteral injury retained ovarian remnant urinary incontinence weight gain anaesthesia and surgery
indications for a caesarean section
fetal distress dystocia from uterine inertia big foetuses maternal pelvic abnormality foetal monstrosity fetal malpresentation fetal death
5 steps to C section
1) midline incision
2) exteriorise uterus
3) 1 incision in uterine wall
4) milk foetuses out , clam umbilical cord , only remove placenta if comes freely
5) repair uterus
potential problems of C section
uterine haemorrhage retained placente acute metritis subinvolution of placental sites uterine rupture / prolapse toxic milk syndrome agalactia galactostasis mastitis peuperal tetany disturbed mental behaviour
what is an en bloc ovariohysterectomy?
hysterectomy and hysterotomy and neonate removal at once
indications for castration
population control behaviour ( may not sort out unless sexually related / testosterone related) neoplasia cryptorchidism torsion orchitis / epididymitis trauma anal adenoma perineal rupture prostatic disease repair inguinal / scrotal hernia decrease marking teritory, roaming, intermale aggressions, mounting
2 ways of castrating a dog
open - vaginal tunic cut and not repaired (less swelling and less risk of ligature slippage)
closed - vaginal tunic left intact (less risk of hernia)
4 step dog castration
1) push testicles up and do a prescrotal incision
2) pull out 1 testicle and ligate with 3 forcep technique
3) do other one
4) inspect and close
2 ways of doing a cat castrate
knot spermatic cord and vas deferns together
OR
overhand knot
when would you perform a scrotal ablation?
scrotal disease
less complications in old dogs
part of urethostomy procedure
when scrotal skin needed for a graft
complications of castration
scrotal swelling uretheral injury failure to locate retained testis weight gain urinary incontinence anaesthesia
reasons to not spay pre - puberty
- juvenile vaginitis and congenital urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence get better with the 1st season
- risky if not experienced
- increased risk of orthopaedic disease
- more risk of hypothermia
- more risk of hypoglycaemia
- more sensitive to drugs
- loss of gene pool
- secondary sexual charateristics and behaviour dont develop
- delay in growth plate closure
- higher cancer risk
Reasons to spay pre - puberty
- prevent any pregnancy / oestrus
- wont learn hormone influenced behaviour
- less risk of mammary tumours
- quicker and easier
- faster recovery
- less repro tract disease risk
- cheaper
- secondary sexual characteristics and behaviour doesnt develop
when to neuter a bitch post puberty?
NOT during oestrus
about 4 m post season (as immediadly after a season the sudden drop in progesterone may cause a pseudopregnancy)
Benefits of ovarioectomy
- appropriate for popn control
- less tissue loss
- shorter surgery
- less haemorrhage risk
- no increased risk of pyometra
- less suture material
- less risk of uretheral injury
Benefits of OVH
familiar
less risk of future problems and having to go back
hormones in the future wont affect remaining tract
3 non-surgical ways of preventing oestrus
progestagens
androgens
prolonged GnRH agonist and antagonists
Who to neuter and when?
All male cats castrate if not breeding from them
Female cats on individual basis but OK to do pre 4 months but after vax
Dogs on an individual basis
in a shelter neuter all as a pop’n
3 methods of castrating farm animals?
elastrator
burdizzo
open castration
how do you castrate using an elastrator / rubber ring?
ensure both testis in scrotum
mind the sigmoid flexure
causes necrosis of scrotum and testis
who can you use a rubber ring castration on?
lamb and calves under 1 wo
what are the advantages and disadvantages of rubber ring castration?
+ = simple, low failure rate
- = under 1 wo old only, pain, tissue necrosis
what is the burdizzo / bloodless method of castration?
- pull one testis to bottom of scrotum and clamp cord as laterally as possible
- about 4 cm above top of testis and the 2nd clamp 1 cm lower
- repeat on other side
- after 8 w should just feel 2 hard nuts
who can you castrate with a burdizzo?
calves and lambs
what are the advantages and disadvantages of burdizzo castration?
+ = no wound
- = pain, high failure rate, scrotal ischaemia if get to close to middle, risk of crushing sigmoid flexure
how does open castration work in a cow?
- local anaesthetic around each cord
- J shape incision near bottom of scrotum
- remove testis and pull and twist until cord snap
- repeat with other one
how is open castration different in the lamb, ram and boar?
Lamb - cut off bottom of scrotum
Ram - epidural block
Boar - epidural of GA, testis high up so harder to push down into scrotum
advantages and disadvantages of open castration in farm animals?
+ = guarantee everything has gone
- = haemorrhage, post op oedema and inf
, inguinal herniation
What are the indications for a caesar on a ruminant?
speedier and safer than a fetotomy incomplete dilation irreducible torsion 5 day overdue long period of unproductive straining dam under 18 mo foeto-maternal disproportion elective if very valuable
When should a FA caesar not be done?
if baby if really foetid and manky as will infect wound
what are 3 options for anaesthetic for a caesarean on a cow?
- paravertebral - T13, L1, L2 nerves, 20ml /nerve
- local block - line, inverted L
- epidural - only if really straining
what is one major preparation for a cow caesar?
tie a rope on RH leg so if she goes down can roll her onto the RHS
10 step cow caesarean
1) clip / shave and scrub
2) incise on L from deepest point of fossa for 1 ft straight down
3) cut through 3 muscles layers + peritoneum
4) exteriorise uterus
5) incise along one leg and apply ropes
6) pull umbilicus towards tail so it breaks further up
7) check calf ok
8) ligate any large vessels
9) suture uterus - 6-8metric catgut, inverted modified cushing
10) suture skin and muscle layers - simple continuous
what should you do to a cow post caesar?
Abx
NSAIDs
oxytocin / milk it to start involution
check in 24 - 72 hrs
what are intra op and post op complication of a cow caesar?
intra -op = incise rumen, uterine tear, haemorrhage, recumbency
post - op = wound inf, endometritis, metritis, peritonitis, sepsis, adhesions, subfertility
